The nitrogenous waste formed as a result of breakdown of amino acids is converted to urea in the liver by the Ornithine cycle or urea cycle

(i) Blood supply to kidney's is reduced.
(ii) Disposal of blood from the kidney's is reduced.
(iii) Auto regulation of micturition is disturbed.

All the blood plasma components without corpuscles.

Distal convoluted tubule (DCT of nephron).

(a) Ion goes to renal vein
(b) It goes to renal pelvis

1. Hydrostatic/Hydrostatic / Colloidal osmotic pressure maintains ultrafiltration of glomerulus.
2. The Efferent arteriole pressure opposes them.
3. Net filtration pressure = 55 mmHg - 30 mmHg + 15 mmHg = 10mmHg.

1. Podocytes end in foot processes found in the openings between the foot processes (Filtration slits).
2. Malpighian body/renal corpuscle.
3. Blood cells like RBCs, WBCs and platelets.

1. The process of release of urine from the urinary bladder is called micturition. It is more than a simple reflex. The control of micturition is learnt is infancy. It induces other sensory fibres in the bladder which conveys the information on fullness of bladder.
2. This information reaches the centres in thalamus and cerebral cortex of the brain via the spine.
3. The brain can sense the need to pass urine and urgency of the situation.
4. The brain centres can control the micturition, reflex by inhibiting the parasympathetic motor, fibres.
5. When convenient, the brain centre removes this control and permits micturition under conscious control.
6. Further the link between spine and cerebral cortex is developed only nearing 2 years of age. Hence toilet training is not possible in infants.
7. Therefore by training children at a young age, the micturition reflex can be brought under control.