Pasturage: The flora/crops found around apiary to collect honey and pollen grains is called pasturage.
Pasturage flora honey bee include mango, coconut, almond, sisham, apple, tamarind, mahua, coriander etc.
Relation with honey production: The quality and the taste of honey depend upon the flora/pasturage around the apiary, from which bees collect the nuclear and pollens.For example, region of Kashmir having almond plant pasturage/flora around apiary produce almond honey that is good in quality, taste and smell.

Important points to remember in dairy and poultry farming are:
(i) Proper housing, hygienic conditions i.e., cleaning, sanitation, spraying disinfectants at regular intervals.
(ii) Vaccination for prevention of infectious disease.
(iii) Selection of good quality breed.
(iv) Enough space, proper light intensity and duration, maintenance of temperature.
(v) Proper feeding management.

Common dairy and poultry farming practices are-
(i) Proper cleaning
(ii) Proper shelter with roof and ventilation
(iii) Sanitation and spraying of disinfectants at regular intervals.
(iv) Balanced food with required additives.
(v) Appropriate vaccination.

(i) Number and quality of chicks;
(ii) Dwarf broiler parent for commercial chick production;
(iii) Summer adaptation capacity/tolerance to high temperature;
(iv) Low maintenance requirements;
(v) Reduction in the size of the layer with ability to utilize more fibrous cheaper diets formulated using agricultural by-products.

Facilities must be provided to cattle:
(i) Regular brushing to remove dirt and loose hair.
(ii) Well-ventilated roofed sheds for shelter that can protect them from rain, heat and cold.
(iii) The floor of the cattle shed needs to be sloping so as to stay dry and to facilitate cleaning and spraying of disinfectant at regular intervals.
(iv) A balanced diet containing:
(a) roughage providing largely fibre and
(b) concentrate that provides high level of proteins and other nutrients.
(v) Certain food additives containing micronutrients that promote the health and milk output of dairy animals.
(vi) Vaccinations of farm animals at proper time against major viral and bacterial diseases.

Soil fertility mean its richness in nutrients required by the plants. A soil is fertile if it is able to prove all the nutrients needed by a crop to produce a good yield.
Replenishment of soil fertility:
Continuous raising of crops depletes the nutrients of the soil. Soil fertility can be gained by following methods:
(i) To leaves the land fallow or free for some time, so that the soil regains nutrients by the action of microorganisms.
(ii) Application of chemical fertilizers which provide readily available nutrients.
(iii) Application of manure obtained by decomposition of vegetable and animal wastes.
(iv) Crops rotation also helps in replenishment of nutrients in the soil. Leguminous plants grown in between teo alternative crops of cereal enrich the soil by fixing atmospheric nitrogen in the soil. 

Fertilizers are commercially produced plant nutrients. They supply nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. They are used to ensure good vegetative growth, giving rise to healthy plants.
The two examples of fertilizers are:
1. Urea
2. Superphosphate (NPK)
Different between Fertilizer and Manure:

The substance rich in organic matter and also supplies small quantities of nutrients to soil is called manure. It is produced by the decomposition of animal excreta and plant waste.
Kinds of Manure:
(i) Compost: The manure prepared by decomposing farm waste, livestock excreta, plant wastes, sewage ect. in a pit is known as compost.
(ii) Vermi-compost: The compost prepared by using earthworm which hasten the process of decomposition of plant and animal refuse is known as vermi-compost.
(iii) Green manure: The manure prepared from some green plants, like sun hemp by mulching them into the soil by plough is called green manure.
Limitation:
(i) Manure contains large quantities of organic matter but supplies small quantities of nutrients to the soil.
(ii) Manure is used in large bulk so problem of transportation arises.
(iii) It is not readily soluble in water, therefore, it is absorbed by plants slowly.
(iv) It is not nutrient specific.

Need to increase food productivity. This is because:
(i) human population is increasing and demand of food is increasing.
(ii) the present increase in food porduction is not substantial to meet the increasing demand.
(iii) the per capita availability of land is decreasing year after year.
Therefore, there is only way to meet out future food demand is to increase the productivity.
To meet increase productivity and meet future food demand, the possible way is efficient management of both
(i) natural resources such as soil, water and forests
(ii) man made resources such as fertilizers, pesticides and agricultural machinery.

1.The ground water is constantly used for irrigation and for human use sufficient rainwater is not avail to recharge the ground water.
This situation has occured due to deforestation and axing the trees in urban and rural areas Trees facilitate to seep rainwater into sail that reaches to ground water reserviour .Trees check the speed of flowing rainwater .Thus,they provide sufficient time to perculate in to the soil.
2. We can reground water bycharge  
(a) afforestion planting more trees in urban and rural areas and (b) resitriction  on cutting trees.
(b) Building small chevk-dams which stop the rainwater from flowingaway and lead to an increase in ground water levels.
3. (i) We can organise campaigns for crediting  awarness among masses about the value of ground water level, methods that can be used to recharge ground water level,methods(ii) that can be used to recharge ground water and stop depletion of ground water.
(ii) With the help of teaches we can make soak pits to recharge ground water with the rainwater.

The various factors responsible for grain loss during storage are:
(i) Biotic factors: Insects, Rodents (mice), Birds, Fungi, Bacteria, Mites, ect.
(ii) Abiotic factors: Inappropriate temperature, moisture, moisture contents of seeds, dampness of storage godown ect.
The above factors cause loss in weight, degradation in quality, discolouration of produce ect.
Measures for safe storage of grains: 
(i) Drying: Grains to be stored ideally should contain below 9% water content/moisture. When grains are harvested, usually contain 15 to 35% moisture. These freshly harvested grains are dried under the sun and then in shade to reduce the moisture content. Commercially grains are dried by mechanical driers with hot air blowing process.
(ii) Maintenance of hygiene: Grains should be kept in godowns that
(a) are very clean and do not have garbage, refuse, webs etc.
(b) do not have cracks, holes in walls, floor and ceilings.
(c) have clean and fresh gunny bags or are well treated with fumigate or dried under sun.
(d) have earthen pots, if to be used for storage, well cleaned and properly exposed to sun before use.
(iii) Prophylactic treatment: Godowns, gunny bags to be used for storage must be properly treated with fungicides, insecticides and other required pesticides by dusting, spraying or fumigation. Insecticides and fungicides should be mixed with grains that .are to be used for seed sowing.
(iv) Use of improved structures: Structures such as Pusa Bin, Pusa Cubicle, Pusa Kothar and Pant Kuthla can be used for storage purpose.
(v) Treatment of the surface area of the store house should be done by spraying mixture of BHC WP (50%), Pyrethrum (2.5 EC) and Malathion (50 EC) for controlling pests.
(vi) Fumigation of the store houses by chemicals such as aluminium phosphide tablets should be done.

The various factors responsible for grain loss during storage are:
(i) Biotic factors: Insects, Rodents (mice), Birds, Fungi, Bacteria, Mites, ect.
(ii) Abiotic factors: Inappropriate temperature, moisture, moisture contents of seeds, dampness of storage godown ect.
The above factors cause loss in weight, degradation in quality, discolouration of produce ect.
Measures for safe storage of grains: 
(i) Drying: Grains to be stored ideally should contain below 9% water content/moisture. When grains are harvested, usually contain 15 to 35% moisture. These freshly harvested grains are dried under the sun and then in shade to reduce the moisture content. Commercially grains are dried by mechanical driers with hot air blowing process.
(ii) Maintenance of hygiene: Grains should be kept in godowns that
(a) are very clean and do not have garbage, refuse, webs etc.
(b) do not have cracks, holes in walls, floor and ceilings.
(c) have clean and fresh gunny bags or are well treated with fumigate or dried under sun.
(d) have earthen pots, if to be used for storage, well cleaned and properly exposed to sun before use.
(iii) Prophylactic treatment: Godowns, gunny bags to be used for storage must be properly treated with fungicides, insecticides and other required pesticides by dusting, spraying or fumigation. Insecticides and fungicides should be mixed with grains that .are to be used for seed sowing.
(iv) Use of improved structures: Structures such as Pusa Bin, Pusa Cubicle, Pusa Kothar and Pant Kuthla can be used for storage purpose.
(v) Treatment of the surface area of the store house should be done by spraying mixture of BHC WP (50%), Pyrethrum (2.5 EC) and Malathion (50 EC) for controlling pests.
(vi) Fumigation of the store houses by chemicals such as aluminium phosphide tablets should be done.

The various factors responsible for grain loss during storage are:
(i) Biotic factors: Insects, Rodents (mice), Birds, Fungi, Bacteria, Mites, ect.
(ii) Abiotic factors: Inappropriate temperature, moisture, moisture contents of seeds, dampness of storage godown ect.
The above factors cause loss in weight, degradation in quality, discolouration of produce ect.
Measures for safe storage of grains: 
(i) Drying: Grains to be stored ideally should contain below 9% water content/moisture. When grains are harvested, usually contain 15 to 35% moisture. These freshly harvested grains are dried under the sun and then in shade to reduce the moisture content. Commercially grains are dried by mechanical driers with hot air blowing process.
(ii) Maintenance of hygiene: Grains should be kept in godowns that
(a) are very clean and do not have garbage, refuse, webs etc.
(b) do not have cracks, holes in walls, floor and ceilings.
(c) have clean and fresh gunny bags or are well treated with fumigate or dried under sun.
(d) have earthen pots, if to be used for storage, well cleaned and properly exposed to sun before use.
(iii) Prophylactic treatment: Godowns, gunny bags to be used for storage must be properly treated with fungicides, insecticides and other required pesticides by dusting, spraying or fumigation. Insecticides and fungicides should be mixed with grains that .are to be used for seed sowing.
(iv) Use of improved structures: Structures such as Pusa Bin, Pusa Cubicle, Pusa Kothar and Pant Kuthla can be used for storage purpose.
(v) Treatment of the surface area of the store house should be done by spraying mixture of BHC WP (50%), Pyrethrum (2.5 EC) and Malathion (50 EC) for controlling pests.
(vi) Fumigation of the store houses by chemicals such as aluminium phosphide tablets should be done.

Crop Rotation: The growing of different crops on the same field or a piece of land in a pre-planned succession is called crop rotation.
Selection of crops for crop rotation: Selection of crops depends on the -
(i) Moisture conditions i.e., availability water through rain or irrigation.
(ii) Length of rainy season.
(iii) Type of soil and nutrient status.
(iv) Availability of inputs-fertilisers, pesticides, manpower and machine power.
(v) Duration of crop-short or long.
(vi) Risk involved i.e., marketing and processing facilities.
For example, rabi crops of mustard, chickpea, linseed, barley, sunflower, and wheat are grown on conserved moisture.
In areas with assured soil moisture throughout the year, depending other inputs, rice, wheat, sugarcane, potato, and barseem are some of the major components of crop rotation.
Farmers near cities and towns prefer to grow vegetables and flowers for higher income.