(i), (ii), (iii) are correct (iv) is incorrect

Among the political powers of the Sangam Age, the Cheras, the Cholas and the Pandyas occupied pre-eminent positions. They were known as Muvendhar (the three kings). The muvendhar controlled the major towns and ports of the Sangam period.

(i) Hero stones of the Post-Sangam Age and the Pallava period occur in large numbers in pastoral regions especially around the Cheng am region near Thiruvannamalai district.
(ii) These hero stones have inscriptions and the images of warriors and names of heroes.

(i) The idea of the Three Age system proposed by C.J. Thomsen became the basis for understanding early human history.
(ii) He classified the artefacts in the Danish National Museum, Copenhagen, into Stone Age, Bronze Age and Iron Age.

(i) The Indus valley civilisation is also known as the Harappan civilisation since Harappa was the first site to be discovered.
(ii) This civilisation is known as Harappan civilisation rather than Indus valley civilisation, since it extended beyond the Indus river valley.

(i) The invention of smelting of iron transformed both production and warfare.
(ii) Before iron, copper and its alloy, bronze which were expensive were employed in production.
(iii) The weapons (or) ploughs made of copper (or) bronze edges became blunt quickly.
(iv) Iron ore in contrast was available in abundance.
(v) The weapons made of iron was in usage.
(vi) The iron axe enabled cultivators to clear the jungles and the iron plough was used to break the hardest soil.

(i) Tamil country had connections with countries overseas both in the east and west.
(ii) Roman ships used monsoon winds to cross the Western Sea or the Arabian Sea to connect Tamilagam with the Western world.
(iii) Spices including pepper, ivory, and precious stones were exported.
(iv) Metal including gold, silver and copper and precious stones were imported.
 

(i) Hand axes and cleavers are the important tool types of the Lower Paleolithic period.
(ii) These tools fitted with a wooden and bone handle. They were used for cutting, piercing and digging.
(iii) The people of this time also used hammer stones and spheroids. The quartzite pebbles and Cobbles were chosen as raw materials.

(i) The cause of human unhappiness in the world is human selfishness. Selfishness creates unlimited human desires, which can never be satisfied.
(ii) In nature, all the things act in a natural way. The law of human conduct must correspond with nature.
(iii) Humans live a life under the regulation of someone. This is because they have acquired knowledge and have not remained innocent. On the basis of their acquired knowledge, they have built up an urban civilisation and have made themselves unhappy.

(i) Archaeological excavation refers to systematically digging a site to recover material evidence for exploring and interpreting societies of the past.
(ii) Archaeological excavations at the early historic sites are the source of evidence of the activities of the Sangam Age people.
(iii) Excavations at Arikkamedu, Azhagankulam, Uraiyur, Kanchipuram, Kaveripoom pattinam, Korkai, Vasavasamudram, Keezhadi, Kodumanal in Tamil Nadu, and. Pattanam in Kerala provide the evidence we have of this period.
(iv) Arikkamedu, near Puducherry, is a Sangam Age port, excavated by the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI). British archaeologist, Robert Eric Mortimer Wheeler, French Archaeologist, J.M. Casal, and Indian archaeologists, A. Ghosh and Krishna Deva, excavated this site. They found evidence of a planned town, warehouse, streets, tanks and ring wells.

(i) The culture that domesticated animals and cultivated crops is called Neolithic.
(ii) It is known as the New Stone Age. The Neolithic people used polished stone axes called celts.
(iii) Cattle rearing was their main occupation. They lived in small villages with houses made of thatched roof and walls plastered with clay.
(iv) Evidence of Neolithic village is found at Payyampalli in Vellore district and a few sites in the Dharmapuri region.
(v) Payyampalli is a village in Vellore district of Tamil Nadu. The earliest evidence for the domestication of animals and cultivation of plants is found at this site, which was excavated by the Archaeological Survey of India.
(vi) Evidence for pottery making and cultivation of horse gram and green gram has been found in this village.
(vii) These Neolithic sites were part of the Southern Neolithic Culture of India. They are mainly concentrated in the Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka regions.
(viii) The Neolithic people used stone axes fitted on a wooden handle .
(ix) These polished stone axes are worshipped in many village temples of Tamil Nadu even today.

(i) The history of humans is closely related to the history of the earth.
(ii) The earth contains geological, archaeological and biological records of historical times in its upper layers.
(iii) They are important for reconstructing the history of the earth and various living organisms.
(iv) The fossil bones of the human ancestors are embedded in the earth's layers.
(v) Palaeoanthropologists and archaeologists excavate the soil and rock layers on the earth and extract evidence about human ancestors.
(vi) These layers and the fossils are scientifically dated to study the various stages in human evolution and prehistory.
(vii) Through the gathered evidence they attempt to understand the evolution of human history and developments in a chronological order.·
(viii) The earth was formed approximately 4.54 billion years ago.
(ix) Gradually conditions emerged for the growth of organisms. Then plants and animals came into being and thereby foundation was laid for the evolution of humans. The long span of time in earth's history is divided into eras, periods and epochs by the Geologists. Thus the history of humans is closely related to the history of the earth.

c) The terms Vanikan and Nigama appear in Tamil-Brahmi inscriptions were different types of merchants.

(b) The ancestors to humans were called Hominins and their origins have been traced to Africa.

(i) Tholkappiyam.
(ii) Tholkappiyam attributed to Tholkappiyar.
(iii) The third section describes the poetic conventions that provide information on Tamil social life.
(iv) Pathupattu and Ettuthogai.

(a) Zoroaster of Persia is the founder of Zoroastrianism.
(b) Ahura Mazda (the Lord of lights).
(c) Zoroaster taught that the great object of religion state or society is the cultivation of morality.
(d) Fire was worshipped as a symbol of the deity and considered the highest form of worship.

a) Acheulian tools are reported to have been found in Isampur in Karnataka and Bhimbetka in Madhya Pradesh.
b) ''Lith' means stone. The methods and techniques involved in the production of stone tools are called lithic technology.
c) Bifaces are tools that have flaking on both sides (bi = two, face = side).
d) Core, is the main block of stone. Flake is a small chip removed from a large stone block.
Levalloisian tools, includes long blades and burins. Burin is a stone-made chisel with a sharp cutting edge.

1. The pyramids are massive monuments built by Egyptians as tombs of mourning to the Pharaohs. The Great Pyramids near Cairo are known as the Gizza Pyramids.
2. (a) The Egyptians had the tradition of preserving the dead bodies using Natron salt, a combination of sodium carbonate and sodium bicarbonate.
(b) The preservation process is called mummification.
(c) After 40 days when the salt absorbed all the moisture, the body was filled with sawdust and wrapped in strips of linen clothes and covered with fabric. The body was stored in a stone coffin called sarcophagus.
3. (a) The Egyptians believed in life after death.
(b) Egyptian practiced polytheism. They worshipped many Gods.
4. The Great sphinx of Giza is a massive limestone image of a lion with a human head. It is dated to the time of Pharaoh Khafre. It is one of the largest sculptures of the world and measures seventy three metres in length and twenty metres in height.