(i) On April 1917, the Bolshevik leader Lenin returned from exile to Russia.
(ii) In July 1917, demonstrations were held by the Bolsheviks against the Provisional Government led by Kerenskii.
(iii) Between July and September, peasants seized land from the rich landlords.
(iv) On October 16, 1917, Lenin persuaded the Petrograd Soviet and the Bolshevik Party to agree to a 'Socialist Seizure of Power'. The date of the event was kept a secret.
(v) On 23rd Oct 1917 a Military Revolutionary Committee under Leon Trotskii organised the seizure. It was timed with the All Russian Congress of Soviet of Workers and Soldiers. The uprising began on 24th October. '
(vi) Provisional government under Kerenskii resisted. At dawn loyal milit~ men seized buildings of two Bolshevik newspapers, telephone, and telegraph offices and protected the Winter Palace. 
(vii) In a swift response, the Military Revolutionary Committee ordered its supporters to seize government officers and arrest ministers. The seizure was complete within a day. The Navy, the Ship Aurora shelled the Winter Palace played a significant role in the assault of the Winter Palace. Kerenskii however escaped.
(viii) At a meeting of the All Russian Congress of Soviets in Petrograd, the majority approved the Bolshevik action.
(ix) Uprising took place in other cities.
(x) There was heavy fighting-especially in Moscow-but by December (1917), the Bolsheviks controlled the Moscow Petrograd area.
(xi) The Bolshevik party was renamed the Russian Communist Party. In November 1917 in the elections conducted to the Constituent Assembly the Bolsheviks failed to gain majority support. Lenin dismissed the assembly and assumed leadership.
The most immediate effect of the October Revolution was that power passes into the hands of the Bolsheviks under Lenin. The revolution led to the establishment of the world's first communist regime.

(i) Women were disappointed by the constitution of 1791 because it reduced them to 'passive' citizens.
(ii) Despite being active participants in the revolution, they were denied the right to vote, to be elected to the Assembly, and to hold political office.

The metal and textile were most prone to strikes.

Abolition of slavery in 1794 was the most revolutionary social reform of the Jacobn regime.

The Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen:
(i) Men are born and remain free and equal in rights.
(ii) The objective of each political association is the preservation of the natural and inalienable rights of man. i.e. right to liberty, property, security and resistance to oppression.
(iii) The source of all sovereignty resides in the nation; no group or individual may exercise authority that does not come from the people.
(iv) The law has the right to forbid only actions that are injurious to society.

The revolutionary government in the early years introduced several laws to improve the condition of women in France:
(i) State schools were created and schooling was made compulsory for all girls.
(ii) Women could no longer be forced to marry against their wishes.
(iii) Marriage was made into a contract, entered into freely and registered under civil law.
(iv) Divorce was made legal and could be applied for by both women and men.
(v) Women could now train for jobs could become artists or run small businesses.

Lenin's New Economic Policy:
(i) Lands of nobles and church were confiscated and given to peasant societies. Land was made state property.
(ii) While major industries were under government control, small businesses and home industries could be privately owned and operated for profit. Private trade was allowed in a limited measure.
(iii) Foreign capital was welcomed for the development of state industries. This helped revive the Russian economy and improvement in the condition of the common people.

(i) Most others in the Bolshevik Party were initially surprised by the April Theses.
(ii) They thought time was not yet ripe for a socialist revolution.
(iii) They felt the Provisional Government needed to be supported.
(iv) However, the development of the subsequent months changed their attitude.

(i) The above picture is of Olympe de Gouges, one of the most important of the politically active women in revolutionary France.
(ii) She protested against the Constitution and the Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen as women were excluded from basic rights that each human being was entitled to.
In 1791, she wrote a Declaration of the Rights of Woman and Citizen, which she addressed to the Queen and to the members of the National Assembly, demanding that they act upon it. 

(i) Moscow, as the author describes, is much less clean than other European capitals. The whole place belongs to the workers.
(ii) The mass now look smart and enlightened.
(iii) The author calls so for being a citizen of the country which had long been under the influence of illiteracy and poverty and it took a long time to remove them.