a) Germany had the natural resources required for an industrial revolution. Large coal reserves were located in the areas of Saar, Ruhr, Upper Silesia, and Saxony. Iron was deposited in the areas of Erzgebirge, Harz Mountains, and Upper Silesia again.
b) Germany's main challenge was its feudal socio-political structure, perpetuating the practice of serfdom and their unhelpful policies for establishing factories.
c) The two major ports, Bremen and Hamburg, had clear and secure access to the North Sea.
d) The Germany saw Cartels as providing for the growth of small industries. It spared them from sometimes unprofitable and self districting price wars. It also provided protection in cases of price fluctuations and the entry of foreign competition.

a) Industrial Revolution led to the expansion of trade, the production of more food, emergence of factory workers as a new class.
b) The rise and growth of cities resulting in rapid urbanisation and organised working-class movements, seeking voting rights and regulation of their service conditions, brought about a new dynamics in politics.
c) The use of chemicals and fossil fuels that replaced wind, water and firewood resulted in increased air and water pollution.
d) In 1842, the British Parliament published a report about the state of coal mining the Mines Report and the report informed the public that children under five years of age worked underground as trappers for 12 hours a day and for a daily wage of 2 pennies; older girls carried baskets of coal which caused deformities.

a) The first railway line in England was opened between Stockton and Darlington in 1825.
b) New networks of canals, roads and railroads were built. Macadamised roads and George Stephenson's steam locomotive helped to improve road and railway transport system in the country.
c) The steam boat invented in the US in 1807 was called Clermont.
d) Robert Fulton who invented the steam boat travelled from New York to Albany covering 150 miles.

a) Combination Laws of 1799 prohibited the formation of associations of workers.
b) The Reform Bill of 1832 granted voting rights only to the propertied middle class
c) The Combinations Laws were repealed in 1824.
d) The chartists demanded voting rights to every man over twenty one years of age, secret ballot, annual parliamentary elections and equal representation.

(i) The Pamban coast is famous for pearl fishery.
(ii) Shell bangles were very common in the Sangam Age.
(iii) The Parathavers collected conch shells from the Pamban Island.
(iv) Sangam literature describes women wearing shell bangles.

(a) Zoroaster of Persia is the founder of Zoroastrianism.
(b) Ahura Mazda (the Lord of lights).
(c) Zoroaster taught that the great object of religion state or society is the cultivation of morality.
(d) Fire was worshipped as a symbol of the deity and considered the highest form of worship.

(a) The presence of the non-Tamil sources reveals the extensive contacts and interactions of the early Tamil society with the outside world.
(b) Arthasastra the classic work .of the Mauryan period makes a mention that the pearl and shells came from the Pandya country.
(c) Chronicle is a narrative text presenting the important historical events in chronological order.
(d) Pliny speaks about the pepper trade with India and he states that it took 40 days to reach India.

(a) As cattle were considered an important source of wealth, raiding cattle owned by adjoining. tribes and clans was common practice in a pastoral society.
(b) Tribal chieftains plundered the cattle wealth of enemies whose warriors fought to protect their cattle.
(c) (i) Many warriors died in such battles and were remembered as martyrs.
(ii) Memorial stones were erected in their honour.
(d) Which Tamil text describes the procedures for erecting hero stones?

(i) The Semitic people called Amorites who moved from the Arabian desert into Mesopotamia were known as Babylonians.
(ii) The Epic of Gilgamesh is the oldest written epic on earth.
(iii) Hammurabi the sixth king of Babylon was a great law-maker.
(iv) The previous name of Babylon was the city of Akkad.

(a) Hominids refers to all the species of the modern and extinct great apes, which also includes humans.
(b) Homo habilis (handy human) was the earliest known human ancestors to make tools in Africa about 2.6 million years ago.
(c) Modern-humans are known as Homo Sapiens.
(d) Homo erectus - extinct
Humans are the only living species.