a) Germany had the natural resources required for an industrial revolution. Large coal reserves were located in the areas of Saar, Ruhr, Upper Silesia, and Saxony. Iron was deposited in the areas of Erzgebirge, Harz Mountains, and Upper Silesia again.
b) Germany's main challenge was its feudal socio-political structure, perpetuating the practice of serfdom and their unhelpful policies for establishing factories.
c) The two major ports, Bremen and Hamburg, had clear and secure access to the North Sea.
d) The Germany saw Cartels as providing for the growth of small industries. It spared them from sometimes unprofitable and self districting price wars. It also provided protection in cases of price fluctuations and the entry of foreign competition.

a) Combination Laws of 1799 prohibited the formation of associations of workers.
b) The Reform Bill of 1832 granted voting rights only to the propertied middle class
c) The Combinations Laws were repealed in 1824.
d) The chartists demanded voting rights to every man over twenty one years of age, secret ballot, annual parliamentary elections and equal representation.

(i) Andrew Carnegie established the first steel mills in the U.S for mass production.
(ii) He acquired business interests in the mines that produced the raw materials for steel, the mills and ovens that created the final product and the railroad and shipping lines that transported goods.
(iii) This controlled every aspect of the steelmaking process.

(i) Cartel is an association of manufacturers or suppliers.
(ii) Its main purpose is to maintain prices at a higher level and to restrict competition.

(i) As industrialisation gained pace, more and more coal was needed to fuel steam engines and furnaces.
(ii) The development of factories by Arkwright and the improvement of the steam engine by James Watt further increased demand for coal.
(iii) As a result, coal mines became deeper and deeper.

(i) In the latter half of the 18th Century major changes occurred in the method of production that changed the history of mankind.
(ii) This profound transformation is described as the Industrial Revolution.

(i) By the end of the nineteenth century, France had became prominent for its automobiles.
(ii) In 1898 Louis Renault built the quadricycle. He began to produce in large quantities under his company the Societe Renault Freres (Company Renault Brothers).

(i) A labour protest took place on 4 May 1886 at Hay market square in Chicago.
(ii) It began as a peaceful rally in support of workers striking for an eight hour day resulted in the killing of several workers by the police.
(iii) To commemorate the Haymarket Affair 1 May 1887 is observed as the Labour day or May day or International Workers Day.

(i) The houses were tiny, dirty and sickly for the labouring class.
(ii) Workers had no time to clean or change their own atmosphere even if they wished to, led to the out break of typhoid, cholrea and small pox.

The main attributes of the Industrial Revolution were technological, socio-economic and cultural.
(i) Use of new basic materials: iron and steel
(i) Use of new energy sources: coal, electricity, petroleum
(iii) Invention of new machines such as the spinning jenny and the power loom that increased the production with a minimum expending of human energy
(iv) Emergence of a new organization known as the factory system, which entailed increased division of labour and specialisation of work
(v) Development in transportation and communication
(vi) Increasing application of science to industry
(vii) The use of new technology

1. In the first quarter of eighteenth century, in the context of Indian cotton manufactures flooding in England, a law was enacted prohibiting the use of Indian calicoes and silk.
2. The invention of flying shuttle by John Kay and the inventions of Hargreaves, Arkwright and Crompton within thirty years accelerated the process of spinning and weaving.
3. When the British established their foot hold in Bengal as a territorial power the loot from Bengal and the Carnatic provided the required capital and helped accomplish industrial revolution in England.
4. The weavers of Bengal suffered at the hands of the Company's officials and their agents insisted on payment of a transist duty for the commodities they carried from one place to another and later for cultivation of commercial crops required for British industries in England
5. The Engtish deliberately destroyed Indian industry by dumping Indian markets with their machine made cheap cotton piece goods.
6. Because of loss of market for hand - woven cotton goods. India lost her old industrial position and became an exporter of raw material.
7. By the first quarter of the nineteenth century the export of Dacca muslin to England stopped.
8. Even the export of raw cotton from India had steadily dwindled owing to the competition from U.S.A.
9. Weavers who were eking out an independent livelihood were thrown out of employment because of flooding of British factory made cheap cotton fabrics in Indian markets.
10. To escape starvation deaths, peasants and artisans had to move out of the country opting to work on plantations in British Empire Colonies as indentured labours under wretched service and living conditions.