(i) Expansion of trade.
(ii) The Production of more food.
(iii) Emergence of factory workers as a new class.
(iv) Development in transport and communication.

(i) By the end of the nineteenth century, France had become prominent for its automobiles.
(ii) In 1898 Louis Renault built the quadricycle. He began to produce in large quantities under his company the Societe Renault Freres (Company Renault Brothers).

(i) A labour protest took place on 4 May 1886 at Haymarket square in Chicago.
(ii) It began as a peaceful rally in support of workers striking for an eight hour day resulted in the killing of several workers by the police.
(iii) To commemorate the Haymarket Affair 1 May 1887 is observed as the Labour day or May day or International Workers Day.

(i) With the advent of the Industrial Revolution, England became the workshop of the world.
(ii) There was however a general decline in agriculture.
(iii) This resulted in the flow of population from village to industrial towns.
(iv) Population growth, migration and urbanization were the social changes taking place.
(v) In pre-industrial society over 80% of people lived in rural areas.
(vi) As the migration from the country side began to intensify small towns became large cities.

(i) The houses were tiny, dirty and sickly for the labouring class.
(ii) Workers had no time to clean or change their own atmosphere even if they wished to, led to the outbreak of typhoid, cholera and small pox.

(i) Industrial Revolution required fuel.
(ii) Coal was needed in vast quantities.
(iii) Before the Industrial Revolution, two types of mines existed: drift mines and bell pits.
(iv) Both were small scale coal mines and the extracted coal was used in homes and local work spots.
(v) As industrialisation gained pace, more and more coal was needed to fuel steam engines and furnaces.
(vi) The development of factories by Arkwright and the improvement of the steam engine by James Watt further increased demand for coal.
(vii) As a result, coal mines became deeper and deeper, making it more and more dangerous.
(viii) As miners used oil lamps in the mines the risk of explosion was high leading to the death of miners.
(ix) This was reduced by the invention of a safety lamp by Sir Humphry Davy in 1815.

(i) In 1733 John Kay invented the 'Flying Shuttle' increasing the speed of the weaving of cloth. In 1767 James Hargreaves invented 'the spinning jenny' which spun eight threads at one and the same time.
(ii) Richard Arkwright invented the 'waterframe' which used water power in the place of manpower.
(iii) In 1779 Samuel Crompton invented his 'spinning mule' which included a combination of both the 'spinning jenny' and the 'water frame'. It spun hundreds of threads simultaneously.
(iv) Eli Whitney invented the cotton gin in 1793. Removing the seed from the cotton increased the productivity manifold.
(v) Textile manufacture was at the heart of the Industrial Revolution. Over a span of fifty years, the textile manufacturing industry in Britain witnessed a transformation in the method of production from handmade to machine-made goods.
(vi) The newly invented machines enabled factories to produce textile goods in large quantities.
(vii) Derbyshire, Lancashire, Cheshire, Staffordshire, Nottinghamshire, and Yorkshire became the major factory centres.
(viii) The most notable was Manchester which had more than 50 mills in 1802.

The main attributes of the Industrial Revolution were technological, socio-economic and cultural.
(i) Use of new basic materials: iron and steel
(ii) Use of new energy sources: coal, electricity, petroleum
(iii) Invention of new machines such as the spinning jenny and the power loom that increased the production with a minimum expenditure of human energy
(iv) Emergence of a new organization known as the factory system, which entailed increased division of labour and specialisation of work
(v) Development in transportation and communication
(vi) Increasing application of science to industry
(vii) The use of new technology

1. In the first quarter of eighteenth century, in the context of Indian cotton manufactures flooding in England, a law was enacted prohibiting the use of Indian calicoes and silk.
2. The invention of flying shuttle by John Kay and the inventions of Hargreaves, Arkwright and Crompton within thirty years accelerated the process of spinning and weaving.
3. When the British established their foothold in Bengal as a territorial power the loot from Bengal and the Carnatic provided the required capital and helped accomplish industrial revolution in England.
4. The weavers of Bengal suffered at the hands of the Company's officials and their agents insisted on payment of a transit duty for the commodities they carried from one place to another and later for cultivation of commercial crops required for British industries in England
5. The English deliberately destroyed Indian industry by dumping Indian markets with their machine-made cheap cotton piece goods.
6. Because of loss of market for hand-woven cotton goods. India lost her old industrial position and became an exporter of raw material.
7. By the first quarter of the nineteenth century the export of Dacca muslin to England stopped.
8. Even the export of raw cotton from India had steadily dwindled owing to the competition from U.S.A.
9. Weavers who were eking out an independent livelihood were thrown out of employment because of flooding of British factory-made cheap cotton fabrics in Indian markets.
10. To escape starvation deaths, peasants and artisans had to move out of the country opting to work on plantations in British Empire Colonies as indentured labourers under wretched service and living conditions.

1. A shift from manual labour based to more technical and machine based manufacturing industry marked the industrial revolution in the United States.
2. Samuel Slater, a citizen of England having worked at a cotton mill from the age of 10 had gained enough experience to operate a mill.
3. On learning that Americans were interested in the new techniques, Slater departed for New York in 1789 illegally. Slater offered his service to Moses Brown, who had earlier made an unsuccessful attempt to operate a mill.
4. Brown agreed and in consequence the mill became operational in 1793 being the first water-powered roller spinning textile mill in America.
5. By 1800, Slater's mill had been duplicated by many other entrepreneurs as Slater grew wealthier and his techniques became more and more popular.
6. Andrew Jackson, the U.S. President hailed him as Father of the American Industrial revolution.
7. In the Nineteenth Century America began to show technological innovation.
8. Robert Fulton established the steamboat service on the Hudson River.
9. Samuel E. B. Morse invented the telegraph and Elias Howe invented the sewing machine. This was the main cause for the industrialisation.
10. In 1869 the first transcontinental railroad was completed to transport people, raw materials and products.
11. The invention of electric bulb of Thomas Alva Edison and telephone by Alexander Graham Bell changed the world beyond recognition.