(i) 'Tithe' from peasants to the church.
(ii) 'Taille' a direct tax to the state.
(iii) Indirect taxes to the state like taxes on salt and tobacco were some of the taxes levied on the third Estate.

(i) A large number, among the Jacobins decided to start wearing long stripped trousers similar to those worn by dock workers
(ii) This was to set themselves apart from the fashionable sections of society, especially nobles, who wore knee-breeches.
(iii) It was a way of proclaiming the end of power by wearers of knee breeches.
(iv) These Jacobins came to be known as sans-culottes literally meaning 'those without knee breeches'.

(i) France in the 18th century had many revolutionary thinkers. Among them were Voltaire, Rousseau, Montesquieu, and Diderot. Their revolutionary ideas encouraged people to fight for their rights. They exposed the inefficiency of the monarch and his government and aroused the people to challenge authority.
(ii) Voltaire attacked the Catholic Church. He believed man's destiny was in his own hands and not in heaven. His ideas encouraged people to fight against the privileges, and dominance of the Church without guilt.
(iii) John Locke propounded the ideas refuting divinity and absolute rights of monarchs.
(iv) Montesquieu's philosophy outlined constitutional monarchy and division of ~ He believed all powers should not be concentrated in one person's hand. He props, a division of power within the government between the legislative, the executive and judiciary.
(v) Rousseau proposed a form of government based on social contract between people and representatives.
(vi) The ideas of the philosophers were a direct attack on privileges and feudal rights which protected the upper classes. They were discussed intensely in salons and coffee houses and spread among the people through books and newspapers. They were frequently read aloud in groups for the benefit of those who could not read and write.
(vii) The philosophers played a vital role in focusing the discontent and bringing about the Revolution.

(i) It is an extreme situation where the basic means of livelihood are endangered.
(ii) Factors :
(a) The population of France rose from 23 million in 1715 to 28 million in 1789. This  led to rapid in demand for food grains.
(b) Production could not keep pace and meet the growing demands of the population.
(c) The price of bread, which was the staple diet of he majority, increased.
(d) Most workers were employed as labourers in workshops whose owner fixed heir wages. But the wages did not keep pace with rise in prices.So the gap between the rich and poor widened.
(e) Drought or hail were also responsible for the subsistence crisis for they further reduced the harvest.

Louis XVI played a significant role in bringing about the revolution.
(i) Louis XVI was a pleasure loving, extravagant ruler who believed in the 'Divine Right' of Kings.
(ii) He was ignorant and indifferent to the conditions of the poor.
(iii) His wife Marie Antoinette constantly interfered in the administration.
(iv) He squandered money and drove France into useless wars bringing the country to the verge of bankruptcy.

All three Estates were represented in the Estates General convened by Louis XV. on 5th May 1789 but 'the third Estate was disappointed with the pattern of voting because:
(i) The first and second estate sent 300 representatives each. They were seated in front, in rows facing each other, on two sides; while the 600 members of the third estate had to stand at the back.
(ii) The third estate was represented by its more prosperous and educated members. Peasants, artisans, and women were denied entry to the assembly.
(iii) Voting in the past was conducted on the principle of one estate, one vote. This time too Louis XVI was determined to continue the old practice of one estate one vote.
(iv) The members of the third estate demanded that voting now be conducted on the democratic principle of one member one vote.
(v) When the king rejected the proposal, members of the third estate were disappointed. They walked out of the assembly in protest. They regarded themselves as spokesmen for the whole French nation.
(vi) They declared themselves a National Assembly. They swore not to disperse till they had drafted a constitution of France that would limit the powers of the King.

Robespirre's government aprt from being remembered for the Reign of Terror undertook many laws similar to present-day socilaist policies and welfare state.
(i) Laws were issued placing a maximum ceiling on wages and prices.
(ii) Meat and bread were rationed.
(iii) Peasants were forced to sell grain at fixed prices by the government.
(iv) All citizens were made to eat bread made of wheat flour.
(v) Equality was practised by forms of speech and address
(vi) Slavery was abolished in French colonies
(vii) Chruches were shutdown and buildings converted to barracks or offices.

(i) (a) Jacobins was the most popular and successful political club in France. It got its name from nthe former convent of St. Jacob in Paris.
(b) The less prosperous sections of the society were members of the Jacobin club. They included small shopkeepers, artisians such as shoemakers, pastry cooks, watch makers, printers, as well as servants and daily wage workers.
(ii) Their leader was Maximilian Robespierre.
(iii) (a) The Jacobins came to be known as sans-culottes literally meaning those without knee breeches.
(b) A large number of Jacobins began wearing long striped trousers similar to those worn by dock workers. This was to set themselves apart from the fashionable in society, especially nobles who wore knee breeeches.

Mirabeau and Abbe Sieyes were two important leaders of the National Assembly.

(a) The French ports of Bordeaux and Nantes owed their prosperity to slave trade.
(b) Slave trade was abolished in France in 1848.

Women in France got the right to vote in 1946.

(i) The Society of Revolutionary and Republican Women. This was the most famous women's club.
(ii) Etta d'Palme Friends of Truthi Club.

The Rule of the Directory was siginificiant because its political instability paved the way for the rise of the military dictator Napoleon Bonaparte

Louis XVI was publicly executed on 21st January 1793 at Place de la Concorde. Louis XVI was sentenced to death by the court on charge of treason. The queen met with the same fate shortly after.