A and R are correct and R explains A

A and R both are incorrect

(i) The Sangam literature mentions the various burial practices of the people.
(ii) The Megalithic burials are classified as dolmens, cists, menheirs, rock-cut caves, urn burials and sarcophagus.
(iii) The burial types of Kodakkal (umbrella stone), Toppikkal (hatstone) and Paththikal (hood stone) are found in Kerala.

(i) As a result of domestication and cultivating plants, there was an excess food production.
(ii) The surplus food production was a main factor for the development of early civilisations.

(i) The lithic tool - making tradition of the Levalloisian belonged to this period.
(ii) Levalloisian tools are the implements made after preparing the core.
(iii) These tools are found in Europe and Central and Western Asia.
(iv) The Levalloisian tools are the implements made after preparing the core. It was named after the town of Levallois in France.

While the fossil bones are classified as various species such as Homo habilis, Homo erectus and Neanderthalensis, based on the lithic tools, cultures are assigned names such as Earliest Lithic, Assemblages, Oldowan Technology, Lower, Middle and Upper Palaeolithic and Mesolithic cultures.

(i) The Great Rift valley in Africa has many sites that have evidence for the prehistoric period.
(ii) The Great Rift valley is a valley - like formation that runs for about 6,400 km from the Northern part of Syria to Central Mozambique in East Africa.
(iii) This geographical feature is visible even from the space, and many prehistoric sites are found in Africa

(i) The idea of the Three Age system proposed by C.J. Thomsen became the basis for understanding early human history.
(ii) He classified the artefacts in the Danish National Museum, Copenhagen, into Stone Age, Bronze Age and Iron Age.

(i) The earth was formed approximately 4.54 billion years ago.
(ii) Gradually, conditions emerged for the growth of organisms.
(iii) Then plants and animals came into being and thereby foundation was laid for the evolution of humans.
(iv) The long span of time in earth's history is divided into eras periods and epochs by the geologists.

(i) Hand axes and cleavers are the important tool types of the Lower Paleolithic period.
(ii) These tools fitted with a wooden and bone handle. They were used for cutting, piercing and digging.
(iii) The people of this time also used hammer stones and spheroids. The quartzite pebbles and Cobbles were chosen as raw materials.

(i) Animal domestication developed as part of symbiotic life.
(ii) Dogs may have been domesticated first.
(iii) Friendly animals were gradually domesticated sheep and goat were domesticated around 10,000 Be in SouthWest Asia.
(iv) Oxen were used in Sumerian civilisation for tilling the land.
(v) Mehrgarh in Pakistan has evidence of sheep, goat and cattle domestication in the Neolithic period.

1. In Megalithic period people buried the dead bodies with grave goods in the cists.
2. Urns or pottery jars were used for burning the dead and also they used sarcophagi made of terracotta.
3. Dolmens, table like stone structures were erected as funerary monuments. Menhirs pillar are like stones erected as part of the burials or memorials.
4. Port holes are holes found in the cists and dolmens on one side.

(i) The people of Middle Palaeo lithic culture were called Neanderthals.
(ii) They buried the dead people systematically.
(iii) They were the first human ancestors to mourn death properly and bury the dead.
(iv) They did not have needles, sewn clothes and warm houses essential for survival in colder climates.

1. The people in the Iron Age practiced agriculture, domesticated animals.
2. Cattle rearing was an important occupation of these people.
3. They domesticated catHe and sheep.
4. They lived in small villages.

1. In the course of evolution, humans became conscious and knowledgeable.
2. They turned curious and began to think and ask questions.
3. At first, they considered nature as God.
4. They worshipped sun, moon and various natural forces about which they developed their own understanding.

(i) Rice was probably cultivated in India and China around 7000 BCE or even earlier.
(ii) Wheat and barley were cultivated at Mehrgarh in northwestern part of the Indian subcontinent (Pakistan) before 6000 BCE.
(iii) Animal domestication developed as part of symbiotic life.
(iv) Dogs may have been domesticated first. Friendly animals were gradually domesticated. Sheep and goat were domesticated around 10,000 BCE in Southwest Asia.
(v) Oxen were used in Sumerian civilisation for tilling the land. Mehrgarh in Pakistan has evidence of sheep, goat and cattle domestication in the Neolithic period.

(i) The culture that domesticated animals and cultivated crops is called Neolithic.
(ii) It is known as the New Stone Age. The Neolithic people used polished stone axes called celts.
(iii) Cattle rearing was their main occupation. They lived in small villages with houses made of thatched roof and walls plastered with clay.
(iv) Evidence of Neolithic village is found at Payyampalli in Vellore district and a few sites in the Dharmapuri region.
(v) Payyampalli is a village in Vellore district of Tamil Nadu. The earliest evidence for the domestication of animals and cultivation of plants is found at this site, which was excavated by the Archaeological Survey of India.
(vi) Evidence for pottery making and cultivation of horse gram and green gram has been found in this village.
(vii) These Neolithic sites were part of the Southern Neolithic Culture of India. They are mainly concentrated in the Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka regions.
(viii) The Neolithic people used stone axes fitted on a wooden handle .
(ix) These polished stone axes are worshipped in many village temples of Tamil Nadu even today.

(i) The history of humans is closely related to the history of the earth.
(ii) The earth contains geological, archaeological and biological records of historical times in its upper layers.
(iii) They are important for reconstructing the history of the earth and various living organisms.
(iv) The fossil bones of the human ancestors are embedded in the earth's layers.
(v) Palaeoanthropologists and archaeologists excavate the soil and rock layers on the earth and extract evidence about human ancestors.
(vi) These layers and the fossils are scientifically dated to study the various stages in human evolution and prehistory.
(vii) Through the gathered evidence they attempt to understand the evolution of human history and developments in a chronological order.·
(viii) The earth was formed approximately 4.54 billion years ago.
(ix) Gradually conditions emerged for the growth of organisms. Then plants and animals came into being and thereby foundation was laid for the evolution of humans. The long span of time in earth's history is divided into eras, periods and epochs by the Geologists. Thus the history of humans is closely related to the history of the earth.

AGRICULTURE:
1. The people in megalithic practiced agriculture, domesticated cattle and sheep.
2. Megalithic sites are found nearby rivers and tanks. In the deltaic regions.
3. Irrigation as a technology had developed.
4. Irrigation management developed in this period.
5. Millets and rice were cultivated.
POTTERY:
1. Pottery was made with hand or wheels.
2. people used the black and red colour to make black ware and red ware pottery.
3. The black and red ware pottery has a black inside and a red outside, with lustrous surfaces.
4. Potteries were used for cooking, storage and dining purposes.
METAL TOOLS:
1. The Megalithic burials have abundant iron objects placed in the burials as grave goods.
2. Weapons such as swords and daggers, axes, chisels, lamps and tripod stands are also found.
3. The Iron tools were used for agriculture, hunting, gathering and in battles.
4. Bronze bowls, bronze mirrors and bell have been found.