1. Our Constitution and law offer a wide range of rights. Over the years, the scope of rights has expanded. Sometimes, it leads to expansion in the legal rights that the citizen can enjoy. From time to time, the courts have given judgments to expand the scope of rights. Certain rights like the Right to Freedom of Press, Right to Information, and Right to Education are derived from the Fundamental Rights.
2. So, we can say that rights are not limited only to Fundamental Rights as enumerated in the Constitution. In fact, Constitution provides many more rights which may not be Fundamental Rights.

Major Rivers
(i) Flowing into the Bay of Bengal
(a) Ganga-Brahmaputra river system and their tributaries.
(b) Peninsular Rivers: Mahanadi, Godavari, Krishna and Kaveri.
(ii) Flowing into the Arabian Sea
(a) Indus river system with tributaries (Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, Beas, Satluj)
(b) Narmada and Tapi rivers.

The Source of growing wealth of the middle class - merchants and businessman-was the overseas trade with the French colonies in America in commodities like sugar, tobacco, coffee, indigo and slaves. The manufactures among them made money by trading in woolen and silk textiles which was either exported or bought by the rich members of the society.

The 'Reign of Terror' (1793-1794) bacame possible because of the overthrow of all familar established forms of government in France. Moreover, France at this time was faced with the double menace of counter revolution at home and invasion from abroad.

(i) Jacobin clubs were political clubs that spring up after the revlutionary wars.
(ii) These clubs were important rallying point for point for people who wished to discuss government policies and plan their own forms of action.
(iii) It got its name from the former convent of St  Jacob in Paris
Their leader was Maximilian Robespierre.

Geological processes/formations along with other processes like weathering, erosion and deposition led to the formation of present landforms/relief and their modification.

'Mein Kampf'

Poland's refusal to return Danzig, nd allow a railroad corridor through Poland linking East Prussia with the rest of Germany led Germany to attack Poland. (September 1, 1939).

The fall of the Bastille took place on 14 July 1789.

The National Assembly was announced on June 20, 1789, in the hall of an Indoor Tennis Court, in Versailles.

The French colonies in the Caribbean were important suppliers of tobacco,indigo sugar and coffee.

The newly elected assembly called the Convention on 21 September 1792 abolished monarchy and declared France a republic.

They were important because without their expertise it was difficult to harvest teak.

(i) The British sent troops to suppress the rebellion. Despite attempts to negotiate by Adivasi leaders, the British besieged and opened fire on them.
(ii) Those who participated in the rebellion were subjected to flogging and punishments
(iii) Many villagers in fright deserted their villages and sought shelter in jungles.
(iv)The British were successful in putting down the rebellion but it took three months to regain control. However, they never managed to capture Gunda Dhur.
consequences
(i) Most important consequence after British suppression of the rebellion was that work on reservation was temporarily suspended.
(ii) The area marked for reservation was reduced to half of what was planned before 1910
(iii) The revolt inspired the other tribal people to rebel against the unjust policies of the British Government

(i) Trade in forest products: Many people left their traditional occupations e.g., grazing cattle and started trading in forest products like rubber, latex etc.
(ii) New jobs: Many people lost their livelihood as pastoralists and hunters but new opportunities for work were created in factories, mines, and plantations.
(iii) Middlemen: European trading firms had the sole right to trade in forest products but many locals were given opportunities to work as middlemen and suppliers of forest products.

The Imperial Forest Research Institute was established at Dehradun in 1906.

The colonial managers of Bastar were the British, while those of Java were the Dutch.
Similarities
(a) In both cases, forests came to be owned by the state.
(b) They restricted villagers from practicing shifting cultivation.
(c) They enacted laws to allow themselves to exploit forest trees for timber, to build ships and railways, to protect and further their imperial interests.
(d) Both enacted forest laws to restrict villager's access to forests, grazing, etc.
(e) Both were exploitative by nature, they displaced the local communities from their traditional means of livelihood, and exploited them to further their interests. Defaulters of forest laws were harassed, punished and fined.
(g) Both introduced exploitative policies to get the support of the locals. The British introduced 'Forest villages'. Under this, some villages were allowed to stay on in the reserved forests on the condition that they would work free for the forest department and would help in cutting and transporting trees and protecting the forests from fire.
(g)In Java, the Dutch introduced the Blandongdiensten system. Under this, the villages were exempted from rent if they would work collectively to provide free labour and animals for cutting and transporting timber.
(h) Policies of management in both cases resulted in the enforcement of alien concepts of private property, taxes and penetration of forest societies by outsiders.
(i) The atrocities of the managers led to increasing frustration among the forest communities, which found an outlet in rebellions. These rebellions though crushed with a heavy hand were not without results.

The Nuremberg Tribunal sentenced only eleven leading Nazis to death.Many others were sentenced for life.The retribution of the Nazis was far short of the brutality and extent of their crimes.
The Allies avoided harsh punishment on defeated Germany as they had done after World War I.They came to feel the rise of Nazi Germany could be partly traced back to the German experience at the end of World War I.

Fascism was first propagated by Benito Mussolini of Italy. Under the Fascist system, power of the state is vested in one person or a group of persons . The two fascist powers were Germany and Italy.

(i) Women were disappointed by the constitution of 1791 because it reduced them to 'passive' citizens.
(ii) Despite being active participants in the revolution, they were denied the right to vote, to be elected to the Assembly, and to hold political office.

(i) Jacobin clubs became an important rallying point for people who wished to discuss government policies and plans and their own forms of action.
(ii) In 1792, the Jacbins planned an insurrection of large number of Parisians who were angered by short supplies and high food proces.
(iii) On the morning of August 10,1792. They stormed the Palace of the Tuileries, massacred the king's greeds and held the king as hostage for several hours.
(iv) Later the Assembly voted to imprison the royal family.
(v) Elections were held and from then all men of 21 years regardless of wealth were given thr right to vote.
(vi) The newly elected assembly was called the Convention.
(vii) On 21 Sept 1792 it abolished the monarch and declared France a republic.
(viii) They ruled France under their leader Maximilian Robespierre from 1793 to 1740. Robespierre's reign was known as 'Reign of Terror'.

(a) The PDS has proved to be the most effective instrument of government policy over the years in stabilishing prices and making food available to consumers at affordable prices.
(b)It has been instrumental in averting widespread hunger and famine by supplying food from surplus regions of the country to the deficit ones.
(c) In addition, the prices have been under revision in favour of poor households in general
(d) The system, including the minimum support price and procurement, has contributed to an increase in food grain production and provided income security to farmers in certain regions.

(i) In the year, 2012-13, government foodgrain stock was maximum at 80.5 million tonnes .
(ii) The minimum buffer stock norm for FCI was 33 million tonnes as on July 2012.
(iii) The FCI granaries were overflowing with foodgrains because of good agricultural production in year 2012.

The food security system of India has been nicely designed:
1. The Government through Food Corporation of India (FCI) procure food grains from various parts of the country
2. The Government buys surplus food grains from farmers at Minimum Support Price (MSP)
3. This stock of food grains, kept by FCI, is called buffer stock
4. Through Public Distribution System (PDS), the government distributes these food grains to BPL families, EWS and other poor people of the country from authorised ration shops.
5. The Government also distributes the food grains to the states where there is scarcity of it.

1. In  India large section of people suffer from food and nutrition insecurity
2. The most affected people are those who do not hold land to depend upon.
Example: artisans, daily wagers, traditional service providers, beggars, destitutes etc.
3. The SCs, casteamongSTs, and some sections of OBcaste among them) who have either poor land-base or very less land respectively are prone to food insecurity.
4. The people affected by natural dis

(a) The introduction of rationing in India dates back to the 1940's against the back drop of the Bengal famine.
(b) The rationing system was revived in the wake of an acute food shortage during the 1960's, prior to the Green Revolution.
(c) In the wake of the high incidence of poverty levels, as reported by the NSSO. In the mid-1970s, three important food intervention programmes were introduced:
(i) Public Distribution System (PDS) for food grains (in existence earlier but strengthened thereafter);
(ii) Integrated Child Development Services ([CDS) (introduced in 1975 on an experimental basis.
(iii) Food-for-Work (FFW) (introduced in 1977-78).
(d) Over the years, several new programmes have been launched and some have been restructured with the growing experience of administering the programmes.
(i) At present, there are several Poverty Alleviation Programmes (PAPs), mostly in rural areas, which have an explicit food component also.
(ii) While some of the programmes such as PDS, mid-day meals etc. are exclusively food security programmes, most of the PAPs also enhance food security.
(iii) Employment programmes greatly contribute to food security by increasing the income of the poor.

1. The story from Kosovo (a provision of Yugoslavia before its disintegration) serves as an example. President Milosevic, a narrow-minded Serb nationalist tried to establish the domination of Serbs in the country by suppressing the rights of ethnic minorities like Albanians in the country.
2. The same can be said about Pakistan. Although the government is being run by the elected representatives, people do not enjoy the freedom to practice any religion of their choice. Islam is the state religion. Even some sects within Islam, such as Ahmedia, Shia, etc, do not allow their religion freely. Even in some sections within Islam such as Ahemdia, Shia, etc., do not allow to practice their religion freely.
3. In Seri Lanka govt. is not giving voting rights to Tamils.

Under the right to freedom, the indian constitution guarantees six freedoms.
These are:
(i) Freedom of speech and expression
(ii) Freedom to assemble peacefully without arms.
(iii) Freedom to form associations and unions
(iv)  Freedom to move freely throughout the country
(v)  Freedom to reside in any part of the country.
(vi)  Freedom to practice any profession, or to carry oon any occupation, trade or business.

Yugoslavia broke in between 1990-92
It broke into six new sovereign states. They are:
1. Sovenia 
2. Croatia
3. Bosnia and Herzegovina
4. Montenegro
5. Serbia
6. Macedonia

It is an international organization of volunteers who campaign for human rights. The organization brings out independent reports on the violation of human rights all over the world.

1. Modern farming methods or Green Revolution is associated with the loss of soil fertility due to increased use of chemical fertilisers.
2. Also, continuous use of groundwater for tubewell irrigation has reduced water-table below the ground.
3. Environmental resources like soil fertility and groundwater are built up over the years. It is very difficult to restore them once it is destroyed.

Computer centres are not started earlier due to lack of skilled labour in the village. Also the awareness of the village people about computers was less.