(i) Under Oligarchy, the new rich exploited the smaller landholders.
(ii) So this republic was soon replaced by some ambitious men who administered tyrannically

(I) When the Greek City-States first emerged, they still carried the legacy of the past.
(ii) The rulers came from lines of traditional chieftains.
(iii) Those who grew rich from the expansion of trade, resented the privileges enjoyed by the old ruling families.
(iv) The outcome was the overthrow of the kings and the establishment of "oligarchies" in many city-states.

(i) The first Persian attack on Greece failed.
(ii) This was due to the fact that Persian army suffered from disease and lack of food, during its march.
(iii) During the second attack, they avoided the land route and came by sea. 3.

(i) Classical World comprises ancient Greece and Rome.
(ii) Classical Age refers to the inter-locking civilizations of ancient Greece and ancient Rome, known as Graeco- Roman World

(i) Carthage sent a general named Hannibal.
(ii) He defeated the Roman army and made a great part of Italy a desert.
(iii) In the second Punic War, Fabius confronted Hannibal and defeated him in the Battle of Zama.
(iv) Pursued by the Roman army, Hannibal ended his life by poisoning himself.

(i) Romans were prepared to tolerate Christianity. But the refusal of the Christians to pay respect to the Emperor's image was viewed as political treason.
(ii) It led to the prosecution of Christians.
(iii) Later one of the Roman Emperors, Constantine himself became a Christian. Christianity thus became the official religion of the Empire.

(i) Prisoners of war were enslaved in Rome.
(ii) Big landlords bought slaves cheaply and used them to cultivate their estate.
(iii) The slave population grew and by the 1^st century BC(BCE) there were two million.
(iv) Slave labour led to the impoverishment of free labour.
(v) Many poor peasants had to abandon their children who also ended up in the slave markets.

(i) The ancient Greeks created the world's first democracy. Athens started on with a monarchy and then advanced to an oligarchy until it finally reached a democracy.
(ii) The Greek Alphabet was the first alphabet in the western sense of the word, featuring distinct letters for vowels and consonants.
(iii) The first library in the world, the library of Alexandria was actually built in Egypt.
(iv) The Olympic games started in ancient Greece specially in the city of Olympia.
(v) Science and Mathematics - Eratosthenes was the first mathematician to calculate the circumference of the Earth. Aristarchus, Archimedes and Hipparchus were great mathematicians and scientists.
(vi) One of the common examples of Greek Architecture in the modular world is the Column in Pillar.
(vii) Greek mythology has pervaded nearly every form of popular culture imaginable. Many Greek myths have been adapted into modem novels, movies, TV, shows etc.
(viii) The first lighthouse in the world was located in the Greek controlled Egyptian Kingdom of Alexandria.
(ix) The democratic people of ancient Greece, especially Athens, were the first to employ trial by jury as we know it today.

(i) Romans followed new arch techniques which allowed the construction of aqueducts, Colosseums, basilicas and amphitheatres. Not only have many of these structures lasted for thousands of years, but the techniques are still in use today.
(ii) The system of Republic followed by Romans served as a model for others.
(iii) The Romans were also skilled at making solid long-lasting forms of concrete.
(iv) The Romans enjoyed entertainment such as chariot races, gladiator battles, plays at the theatre etc., some of them are enjoyed even today.
(v) Their roads were well engineered, designed to last and allowed for fast travel across the empire.
(vi) The Roman Emperor Augustus started the first courier service.
(vii) Roman law included all facets of life in the ancient empire. The Romans helped shape best practice in the legal system.
(viii) Roman Emperors like Trajan established social welfare schemes.
(ix) They had a very good knowledge about medical tools.
(x) The Roman were greatly admired for their city planning.
(xi) The Roman culture was the foundation of western culture and linguistics which on its turn was spread all around the world.

RISE OF ATHENIAN'S:
(i) In Athens the pressure from below resulted in the replacement of both oligarchy and tyranny by "democracy".
(ii) The law-making power in Athens was vested in an assembly open to all freemen.
(iii) The Persian expedition danger had united the Greeks.
(iv) The Athen's democracy survived for about 200 years.
GROWTH:
(i) Athens had a great leader Pericles.
(ii) He held power for thirty years.
(iii) During his rule, Athens became a noble city with magnificent buildings.
(iv) There were great artists and great thinkers.
(v) Historians therefore call this the age of Pericles.
(vi) Greeks famous historian Socrates and his successor Thucydides, lived about this time.
(vii) The thinkers of the Pericles era sought to find a new objective basis for arriving at truth.
(viii) The greatest of them was Socrates. As a philosopher he discussed difficult problems with his friends so that truth might emerge out of the discussions.
(x) Plato was his illustrious disciple, He argued that truth must depend on a realm out side human experience accessible only to philosophic elite.
(xi) Aristotle studying under Plato, laid stress on the empirical knowledge of the existing physical and social world.
(xii) Democritus and Epicurus developed a materialist view of the world.