Excommunication and Interdict were the two instruments used against those who defied the church.

(i) Crusades ended the feudal relations.
(ii) Many of the nobles who went to East to take part in the Crusades either stayed too long a period or did not return.
(iii) The serfs took advantage of their absence to break away from their bondage to the soil.
(iv) Increasing demand for products of the east led to expansion of trade.
(v) Venice, Genoa, and Pisa emerged as important commercial centres in the mediterranean region.
(vi) Constantinople ceased to be the middleman in the trade between the East and the West.
(vii) The elimination of powerful nobles had its influence in strengthening the monarchy in France and England. One notable outcome of Crusades was the loss of prestige suffered by Pope and Papacy.

(i) Between 8^th and 7^th centuries BC(BCE) the warring states in China built defensive walls to protect themselves from enemies from the north.
(ii) During Qin dynasty the separated walls were connected and consequently the wall.
(iv) This wall is considered to be one of the wonders of the world, stretched from east to west for about 5000 kilometres.
(v) Served to keep nomadic tribes out. Now it is 6700 kilometers in length.

(i) Out of the fight between two Daimyo chief families, the Taira and the Minamoto, Yoritomo emerged successful.
(ii) The emperor gave him the high sounding title of Sei-i-tai-Shogun.
(iii) This title meant Barbarian-subduing-Great-General.
(iv) The title carried full power to govern hereditarily.
(v) The Shogun became the real ruler. In this way began the rule of Shogunate.
(vi) Yoritomo established his military capital at Kamakura.
(vii) Therefore, the first Shogunate is called the Kamakura Shogunate.
(viii) Samurai or warriors formed the feudal military government.
(ix) The Ashikaga Shogunate replaced them and ruled for nearly 235 years. But this was a period of conflict and war.
(x) Three men Nobunaga, a Daimyo or noble, Hideyoshi, a peasant and Tokugawa Iyeyasu, one of the distinguished nobles ultimately rescued Japan from civil war.
(xi) By the end of 16th century, the whole of Japan was again united.

The later Middle Ages was represented by the feudal system. This was followed by a period of decline and decay.

Historians call the period between the end of the Roman Empire in 476 A.D. and the capture of Constantinople by the Turks in 1453 A.D. as the Middle Ages.

(ii) and (iv) are correct

(iv) is correct