Following steps are involved in fish seed production by induced breeding technique:
(i) Use inducing agents.
(ii) Selection of healthy brooders.
(iii) Admission of hormones by injection.
(iv) Releasing sets of brooders in breeding in breeding pool
(v) Collection of eggs
(vi) Hatching
(vii) Post care of fish seeds in nursery and rearing ponds.
(viii) Spawning
(ix) Transfer of fingerlings in stocking ponds.

These are:
(i) Catla fish is surface feeder.
(ii) Rohu fish feed in the middle zone of the pond i.e., they are column feeders.
(iii) Mrigal and common carp fishes feed on at the bottom of the pond.
(iv) Grass carps feed on aquatic weeds in the pond.

Broilers: Domestic fowls raised for egg production are called broilers. They are grown upto 6-7 weeks and weighs 700 g to 1.5 kg.
Management: They are fed with protein, fat with vitamin especially vitamin A and vitamin K rich supplementary feed for good growth rate and better feed efficiency. Care is taken to avoid mortality, feathering and carcass quality, hygienic condition etc.
Layers are hens which start laying eggs at the age of 20 weeks. The egg production in commercial layer is 500 days.
Management includes maintenance of temperature and hygeinic conditions in housing, poultry feed, prevention and control of diseases, etc. The layers require enough space, proper light intensity and its duration. Feed with vitamins, minerals and micronutrients also influence hatchability of eggs.

Important points to remember in dairy and poultry farming are:
(i) Proper housing, hygienic conditions i.e., cleaning, sanitation, spraying disinfectants at regular intervals.
(ii) Vaccination for prevention of infectious disease.
(iii) Selection of good quality breed.
(iv) Enough space, proper light intensity and duration, maintenance of temperature.
(v) Proper feeding management.

Common dairy and poultry farming practices are-
(i) Proper cleaning
(ii) Proper shelter with roof and ventilation
(iii) Sanitation and spraying of disinfectants at regular intervals.
(iv) Balanced food with required additives.
(v) Appropriate vaccination.

(i) Murrah is the original breed of Haryana and Punjab. The average yield of milk is 1800 to 2500 litres during lactation period with about 7% fat contents.
(ii) Mehsana breed belonging to Gujarat, especially Mehsana and Vadodara districts. Its milk production is about 1200 to 2500 litres during lactation period. They are popular for giving milk at comparative early age with regular breeding intervals.
(iii) Surti buffaloes are native of Kaira and Vadodara districts of Gujarat. The milk production during lactation period is about 1600 to 1800 litres with 8 to 12% fat contents.

Cows are classified into following three categories:
(i) Draught breeds: They are strong and sturdy bullocks used for drawing bullock carts, ploughing and transporting materials.
(ii) Dairy breeds: Cows of this category are high milk yielders and the bullocks are poor for draught purposes.
(iii) Dual purpose breeds: This category includes the breeds in which cows are fairy good milk yielders and the bullocks are good for draught work.

Methods of Weed Control:
(i) Mechanical method: In this method, weed plants are removed from the field either manually or with the help of agricultural implements. For example, uprooting or hand hoeing, weeding with khurpi, ploughing ect.
(ii) Cultural method: This includes:
(a) proper seed bed preparation,
(b) timely sowing of crops,
(c) intercropping, and
(d) crop rotation.
(iii) Chemical methods: Weeds can be controlled by spraying chemicals which do not harm crop plants but destroy weed plants.These chemicals are weedicides e.g., 2, 4-D, atrazine, fluchloralin.
(iv) Biological method: There are particular organisms which feed on particular weed. for example, Cochineal insect can be introduced in the water body to control aquatic weeds.

Some methods to control of pests are:
(i) use of resistance varieties.
(ii) optimum time of sowing the crops.
(iii) follow crop rotation and cropping system.
(iv) Deep ploughing of the field in summers (called summer ploughing) to destroy undesirable weeds and pathogens.
Insects:
1. Grasshoppers
2. Locust
3. Gundhi Bug
4. Cotton Bollworm
5. Stem Borers e.g., stem borer of wheat and steam borer of  paddy
6. Caterpilars of insects
7. Aphid

The steps used for the genetic improvement of plants are:
(i) Introduction: It is the transportation of crop plants from their native place of cultivation to the new place where they never grown earlier (introduction of new crop plants).
(ii) Selection of crop plants: This involves selection of some desirable characters for plants are high yield, resistance to diseases, pests, drought ect.
(iii) Hybridization: This is the process of crossing between genetically dissimilar plants to obtain improved varieties. The crossing may be
(a) intervarietal i.e., crossing between two varieties of a same species.
(b) interspecific i.e., cross between two different species of the same genus.
(c) intergeneric i.e., cross between plants of different genera.
In crop improvement, intervarietal hybridization (plant breeding is extremely useful).

Objectives of mixed cropping are to
(i) minimize risk and
(i) give insurance against failure of one of the crops.
Criteria for selection of the crops for mixed cropping are:
(i) Duration of Crops: Two crops growing together should have different durations for maturity. One should be of long duration and other should be of short duration.
(ii) Growth Habit: One crop should be tall growing and the other be short growing.
(iii) Root Pattern: One should be deep rooted where as other should be shallow rooted.
(iv) Water Need: One component crop should need lesser water than the other.
(v) Nutrient Demand: Component crops should have different nutrient requirements.

Advantages of mixed cropping: The advantages of mixed cropping are:
(i) There is no risk of crop failure: When two crops of different nature are simultaneously grown as a mixed crop, then risk of total crop failure reduces.
(ii) Variety in produce: As two or more crops are grown simultaneously, the produce also contains variety. For example, wheat + gram or wheat + mustard or groundnut + sunflower.
(iii) Increase in yield: Mixed cropping results in increase of yield. It is due to complementary effect of crop component. For example, leguminous crops (peas, beans ect.) have a beneficial effect on non-leguminous such as cereals.
(iv) Improvement in soil fertility: Growing two crops on the same patch of lands improves soil fertility.
(v) Minimizes damage by pests: A particular type of insect-pests, weed and diseases infest crops of a particular group more easily. In mixed cropping we grow crops of different types, so chances of pests infestation are much reduced.

Soil fertility mean its richness in nutrients required by the plants. A soil is fertile if it is able to prove all the nutrients needed by a crop to produce a good yield.
Replenishment of soil fertility:
Continuous raising of crops depletes the nutrients of the soil. Soil fertility can be gained by following methods:
(i) To leaves the land fallow or free for some time, so that the soil regains nutrients by the action of microorganisms.
(ii) Application of chemical fertilizers which provide readily available nutrients.
(iii) Application of manure obtained by decomposition of vegetable and animal wastes.
(iv) Crops rotation also helps in replenishment of nutrients in the soil. Leguminous plants grown in between teo alternative crops of cereal enrich the soil by fixing atmospheric nitrogen in the soil. 

Fertilizers are commercially produced plant nutrients. They supply nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. They are used to ensure good vegetative growth, giving rise to healthy plants.
The two examples of fertilizers are:
1. Urea
2. Superphosphate (NPK)
Different between Fertilizer and Manure:

Fertilizers are commercially produced plant nutrients. They supply nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. They are used to ensure good vegetative growth, giving rise to healthy plants.
The two examples of fertilizers are:
1. Urea
2. Superphosphate (NPK)
Different between Fertilizer and Manure: