(i) The British sent troops to suppress the rebellion. Despite attempts to negotiate by Adivasi leaders, the British besieged and opened fire on them.
(ii) Those who participated in the rebellion were subjected to flogging and punishments
(iii) Many villagers in fright deserted their villages and sought shelter in jungles.
(iv)The British were successful in putting down the rebellion but it took three months to regain control. However, they never managed to capture Gunda Dhur.

(i) Respect for nature
(ii) Brotherhood
(iii) Generosity
(iv) Mutual respect
(V) Democratic

Villagers could take wood for personal use from protected or village forests.

(i) Natural forests which had lots of different types of trees were cut down. In these place one type of trees were planted in rows for use as timber.
(ii) Forest officials surveyed the forests, estimated the area under different types of trees and made working plans for forest management.
(iii) They planned how much of the plantation area to be cut every year. The area cut was to be replanted so that it was ready to be cut again in some years.

Some of the communities that live in Baster are : Maria and Muri Gonds, Dhurwas, Bhartras and Halbas

In scientific Forestry
(i) Natural forests which had different types of trees were cut down and new ones belonging to one tree type were planted in rows. This is called as plantation.
(ii) Forest officials surveyed the forests. They estimated the area under different types of trees and made working plans for the forest management. They planned how much of the plantation area was to be cut every year.
(iii) The cleared area was replanted to enable recutting after some years.

Dietrich Brandis was the First Inspector General of Forests in India.
(i) Proper system had to be introduced to manage the forests and people had to be trained in the science of conservation. Legal sanctions were needed for forest management.
(ii) Rules about the use of forest resources had to be formed
(iii) Felling of trees and grazing had to be restricted so that forests could be preserved for timber production.
(iv) Anybody who cut trees without following the system was to be punished.
(v) He set up the Indian Forest Service in 1864 and helped formulate the Indian Forest Act of 1865. In 1906 the Imperial Forest Research Institute was set up in Dehradun.

The colonial government regarding forests as wilderness and unproductive that had to be brought under cultivation so that land could yield agricultural products and revenue and enhance the income of the state.

Forests around the railway tracks started disappearing (after 1860's) because:
(i) From 1860's railway network expanded rapidly and by 1890 about km 25,500 km of track had been laid.
(ii) As tracks spread, a large number of trees were felled to meet the demand for sleepers needed to hold the tracks together (approximately 1760 to 2000 sleepers were needed per mile)
(iii) The government gave out contracts to individuals to supply the required quantities.
(iv) Individual contractors began cutting trees indiscriminately.
(v) Moreover decided to take up an area for logging one of the first things they did was build wide roads so that trucks could enter to carry logs of wood. This also was a factor in disappearing of forests near railway tracks.

Forests are affected by Wars. Both the World War I and the World War II had a major impact on forests.
(i) The defending armies hide themselves and their war materials under the cover of the thick forests to avoid detection. Enemy forces target forest areas to capture the opposing soldiers and war materials.
(ii) To meet war needs forests are cut indiscriminately. In India, wars led to the reckless cutting of forests to meet British war needs.
(iii) Fearing the capture of forest areas by the enemy, sometimes the government themselves cut down forests, destroy saw mills and bum huge piles of logs. Such a policy was followed by the Dutch in Java. In Java, the Dutch followed a 'scorched earth policy' to prevent logs of wood from falling into the hands of the advancing Japanese.
(iv) At times the occupying forces recklessly cut down trees for their own ends. During the World War II, after Java fell into Japanese hands, the Japanese exploited the forests for their ends.
(v) The forests during war times became a no man's land and are subject to abundant plunder and destruction. During the World War, I and the World War II many people who were hitherto excluded from forest areas tended to reoccupy their land. Still others, many local people, took advantage of the war situation and usurped forest lands and expanded cultivation.

The colonial managers of Bastar were the British, while those of Java were the Dutch.
Similarities
(a) In both cases, forests came to be owned by the state.
(b) They restricted villagers from practicing shifting cultivation.
(c) They enacted laws to allow themselves to exploit forest trees for timber, to build ships and railways, to protect and further their imperial interests.
(d) Both enacted forest laws to restrict villager's access to forests, grazing, etc.
(e) Both were exploitative by nature, they displaced the local communities from their traditional means of livelihood, and exploited them to further their interests. Defaulters of forest laws were harassed, punished and fined.
(g) Both introduced exploitative policies to get the support of the locals. The British introduced 'Forest villages'. Under this, some villages were allowed to stay on in the reserved forests on the condition that they would work free for the forest department and would help in cutting and transporting trees and protecting the forests from fire.
(g)In Java, the Dutch introduced the Blandongdiensten system. Under this, the villages were exempted from rent if they would work collectively to provide free labour and animals for cutting and transporting timber.
(h) Policies of management in both cases resulted in the enforcement of alien concepts of private property, taxes and penetration of forest societies by outsiders.
(i) The atrocities of the managers led to increasing frustration among the forest communities, which found an outlet in rebellions. These rebellions though crushed with a heavy hand were not without results.

Forests are useful to us because they:
(i) Provide bamboo and wood for fuel, charcoal, grass for fodder and fruits for consumption.
(ii) They also provide herbs and roots for medicinal purposes, paper, and commodities like gum, honey, coffee and tannin.

A forest is an area with high density of trees.