Distinction between Central Highlands and deccan Plateau

Major Rivers
(i) Flowing into the Bay of Bengal
(a) Ganga-Brahmaputra river system and their tributaries.
(b) Peninsular Rivers: Mahanadi, Godavari, Krishna and Kaveri.
(ii) Flowing into the Arabian Sea
(a) Indus river system with tributaries (Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, Beas, Satluj)
(b) Narmada and Tapi rivers.

Distinction between Himadri and Shivalik Range

(i) Himalayas are not very old mountains. Their origin is recent. So they are called young mountains.
(ii) Himalayas formed on the place where once Tethys sea stood.
(iii) Slowly and gradually, in the upliftment process, one fold over the other went on increasing.
(iv) The different layers or fold maintained the Himalaya's identity.
(v) Hence it assumed the shape of the young fold mountains and are called as the young fold mountains.

The Peninsular plateau is a tableland composed M old crystalline, igneous and metamorphic rocks. It was formed due to breaking and drifting of Gondwana land, thus making it a part of the oldest landmass. This plateau has broad and shallow valleys and rounded hills. The Peninsular plateau consists of two broad divisions, namely the Central Highlands and the Deccan Plateau.
Central Highlands
(i) The part of the Peninsular plateau lying to the North of the Narmada river covering a major area of the Malwa plateau is known as Central Highlands.
(ii) The Vindhyan range is bounded by the Central Highlands on the South and the Aravalis on the North-West. The westward extension gradually merges with the sandy and rocky desert of Rajasthan.
(iii) The flow of the rivers draining this region, namely the Chambal, Sind, Betwa and Ken, is from South-West to North-East, thus indicating the slope.
(iv) The Central Highlands are wider in the West, but narrower in the East.
(v) The eastward extensions of this plateau are locally known as Bundelkhand and Baghelkhand. The Chota Nagpur plateau marks the further eastward extension being drained by the Damodar river.
Deccan Plateau
This triangular area lies South of the Narmada. The Satpura mountain range marks its broad boundary in the North. The plateau is separated from the hills in the North-East by a geological fault. The hills are Garo, Khasi and Jaintia. The Western Ghats cause orographic rain by forcing the rain bearing moist monsoon winds to rise along the Western slopes of the ghats. The part of the plateau known as Deccan Trap contains black soil of volcanic origin.

Major physiographic divisions of India
(i) The Himalayan Mountains
(ii) The Northern Plains
(iii) The Peninsular Plateau
(iv) The Indian Desert
(v) The Coastal Plains
(vi) The Islands

The First World War left a deep imprint on European society and polity. It had a devastating impact on the entire continent.
(i) In society, soldiers were ranked higher than civilians. Trench life of the soldiers was glorified by the media.
(ii) Politicians and publicists laid great stress on the need for men to be aggressive and masculine.
(iii) Aggressive war propaganda and national honour occupied centre stage in the public sphere.
(iv) People's support grew for the recently established dictatorships.
(v) Democracy as a young and fragile idea could not survive the instabilities of Europe between the two World Wars.

(i) The main objective of the draft constitution of 1791 was to limit the powers of the monarch
(ii) These powers instead of being concentrated in the hands of one person were to be separated and assigned to different institutions the legislature executive and judiciary.
(iii) This made France a constitutional monarchy

(i) The main objective of the draft constitution of 1791 was to limit the powers of the monarch
(ii) These powers instead of being concentrated in the hands of one person were to be separated and assigned to different institutions the legislature executive and judiciary.
(iii) This made France a constitutional monarchy

(i) Jacobin clubs were political clubs that spring up after the revlutionary wars.
(ii) These clubs were important rallying point for point for people who wished to discuss government policies and plan their own forms of action.
(iii) It got its name from the former convent of St  Jacob in Paris
Their leader was Maximilian Robespierre.

Barren Island, situated in the Andaman and Nicobar group of Island.

The Clergy, Nobility and the Third Estate or commoners, were the three Estates into which French society was divided.

Maximilian Robespierre was the leader of the most successful political club,the jacobins. He reigned in France from 1793 to 1794. His period of rule is referred to as the 'Reign of Terro'.

(i) USA for long followed a policy of isolation during the interwar period. In the early years of World WarII, the USA resisted involvement in the war as it was unwilling to face the economic problems that World War I had caused.
(iI) Under the lend-lease agreement between Britain and the USA in 1941, the USA gave a large number of warplanes, ships and other defence equipment to the British with an understanding that they would pay for them after the war
(iii) However, the USA could not stay out of war for long as relations deteriorated between the USA and Japan.Japan was expanding its power in the East. She used diplomatic leverage. She occupied French Indo-China and was planning to attack on US naval bases in the Pacific.
(iv) When Japan extended its support to Hitler and on December 7th, 1941 when Japan bombed US base ar Pearl Harbor (Us lost 350 planes, 3,700 men and 5 battleships), two days later the Us entered the World War II. This Turned the war in favour of the Allies.

(i) Appeasement means a policy of conciliating an aggressive power at the expense of some other country.
(ii) The Western power namely Britain nad France adopted a policy of appeasement towards Germany and Italy.

Pastor Niemoeller was a resistance fighter in Nazi Germany.
(i) He wrote about the uncanny silence of ordinary German people in the face of brutal organised crimes committed against people in Nazi empire in a very moving way.
(ii) He subtly explains how the Nazis repressed and eliminated all opposition till the stage came that there way no one left to stand up and fight them.

The third Estate consisted of peasants who formed 90% of the French population. It also included workers, professional, businessmen and manufacturers. This Estate was the unprivileged section which enjoyed no political rights and social status, despite bearing the burden of the taxes. Not all worked on land. Within the Third Estate too, there were evident disparities in wealth and style.

many of the peasants were landless or did subsistence farming. Though free, the condition of peasants was no better than serfs. The heavy taxes, tithes, taille, feudal dues, indirect taxes, forced labour coupled with bad harvests brought them on the brink of starvation.

About 60% of the land was owned by nobles, the church and some richer members of the third estate.

(i) The representatives of the third estate who walked out of the Estates. General convened by Louis XVI on May 5, 1789; were led by Mirabeau and Abbe Sieyes
(ii) Both belonged to the privileged section of French society. Through their writings and speeches they convinced people to work towards change in French society and political system
(iii) Mirabeau, though born in a noble family, was convinced of the need to do away with a society based on Feudal privileges.
(iv) He brought out a journal and deliver powerful speeches to the crowds assembled at Versailles
(v) Abbe Sieyes, originally a priest wrote an influential pamphlet called 'What is the Third Estate'?

Trying to make mockery of the Jews by projecting them as money hungry.