(i) Raja Rammohan Roy
(ii) Derozio.

Before the 18th century:
(i) Society was broadly divided into estates and orders
(ii) The aristocracy and church-controlled economic and social power.

Vladimir Lenin.

'Collective farms' were known as kolkhoz in Russia.

Well to do peasants were regarded as 'Kulaks' in Russia.

International Women's Day is celebrated on February 22nd, as a mark of honour, because on this day in Russia many  women led the way to strikes in factories.

On the western front armies fought the war from trenches stretched along eastern front. While on the eastern front, armies moved a great deal and fought battles leaving large casualties.

The main objective of the Russian Revolutionaries were:
(i) To secure peace and withdrawal of Russia from the First World War.
(ii) Transfer land to the tiller.
(iii) Give control of industry to the workers.
(iv) Nationalise all the banks.
(v) Give equal status to non-Russian nationalities.

The main objective of the Russian Revolutionaries were:
(i) To secure peace and withdrawal of Russia from the First World War.
(ii) Transfer land to the tiller.
(iii) Give control of industry to the workers.
(iv) Nationalise all the banks.
(v) Give equal status to non-Russian nationalities.

The main objective of the Russian Revolutionaries were:
(i) To secure peace and withdrawal of Russia from the First World War.
(ii) Transfer land to the tiller.
(iii) Give control of industry to the workers.
(iv) Nationalise all the banks.
(v) Give equal status to non-Russian nationalities.

In Russia, the war was initially popular and the policies of Tsar Nicholas II were supported by the people. The First World War on the Eastern front differed from that on the Western front. In the West, armies fought from trenches, but in the East, armies moved a good deal and fought battles leaving large casualties. Russia's army lost badly in Germany and Austria between 1914 and 1916. There were over 7 million casual ties by 1917. As the German armies moved forward, the Russian army destroyed crops and buildings to prevent the enemy from living off the land. The situation discredited the Russian Government and the Tsar. The Russian soldiers did not wish to fight such a war.

The term April Theses relates to the three demands made by Lenin return from exile to Russia in April 1917:
(i) War be brought to a close.
(ii) Land be transferred to the peasants.
(iii) Banks be nationalised.
He wanted the Bolshevik party to rename itself the Communist Party to indicate its radical aims.

The term April Theses relates to the three demands made by Lenin return from exile to Russia in April 1917:
(i) War be brought to a close.
(ii) Land be transferred to the peasants.
(iii) Banks be nationalised.
He wanted the Bolshevik party to rename itself the Communist Party to indicate its radical aims.

The Russian revolution had a far-reaching impact.
1. Communism: Russia was the first country to establish a communist state. The possibility of a worker state fired people's imagination across the world. In many countries, communist parties were formed like the Communist Party of Great Britain.
Soon after the revolution, Communist International (Comintern) was formed for promoting revolutions on an international scale. The Revolution led to the formation of communist parties in many countries often with the support of the Comintern. Such as Poland, Czechoslovakia, etc.
2. Socialism: Despite differences between communists and socialists by the time of the outbreak of the Second World War, the USSR had given socialism a global face and world stature. Popularity of socialism helped mitigate discrimination based on race, colour and sex.
3. Economic Planning: The idea of the state playing an active role in regulating the economy and planning the economy, to improve the conditions of the people, gained wide acceptance.
4. Dignity of Labour: 'He that does hot work, neither shall he eat', gained wide acceptance adding a new dignity to labour.
5. Internationalism: Socialist ideas also helped in promoting internationalism by emphasizing that nations think beyond narrow self-interests
6. Imperialism: The Russian Revolution hastened the end of imperialism. Russia, after the revolution, was the first country to openly support the cause of independence of all nations from foreign rule. Contradicting, if any country, following communism wanted to deviate from policies of communism. Russia sent its army to curb even slight voice of democracy. For example Sent army in Poland, Czechoslovakia, Berlin.
7. Nationalism: The revolution awakened the peoples of Asia and Africa and infused a new spirit of nationalism in their fight for freedom from the European colonizers.
8. Division of the World: The world hence came to be divided into two, i.e. Socialists and Capitalists. The revolution gave a call to the workers of the world to unite against capitalists.
9. The world came to be divided in two groups after 1945 till 1988: left and right groups. Left countries were of east Europe and some other countries following communism: such as Cuba, North Korea etc. Right group countries were: U.S.A., U.K., France, etc. Some countries made their own group, called non-aligned, such as: India, Egypt, Yugoslavia, Indonesia, etc.
10. Though by the end of the 20th century, the international reputation of USSR as a socialist country declined the socialist ideals of the Russian Revolution are still appreciated and rethought in a variety of different ways by many peoples of the world.

(i) Russian army lost badly in Germany and Austria between 1914 and 1916. Russia suffered immense casualties, over 7 million by 1917.
(ii) The war led to destruction of crops, homes and industries by retreating Russian army. Over 3 million people became refugees.
(iii) War had adverse impact on the industries. Russia's own industries were few in number and the country was cut-off from supplies from other countries due to German control of the Baltic sea.
(iv) Industrial equipment disintegrated more rapidly in Russia that elsewhere in Europe. By 1916 railway lines began to breakdown.
(v) As more and more men were called upon to join the army - labour shortages occurred. Small workshops producing essential goods shut down.
(vi) By the winter of 1916, riots at bread shops were common. Large supplies of grain to feed the army had its impact on the supply of bread and flour in cities.
(vii) All things above shocked and demoralised people and army. So soldiers did not wish to fight such a war.
Thus, the war led to untold miseries, breakdown of the economy and ultimately to the discredit of the government and fall of the Tsar. (The fall of the Tsar is known as February Revolution of 1917).