(i)  Labour  Party in Britain         
(ii) Socialist party in France

(i) The USSR was against imperialism and independence movements occurring in Asi.
(ii) Immediately after the Revolution the soviet government annulled the unequal treaties which the Tsar and imposed on china.It supported china's efforts at unification under sun-yat-sen.

Before the 18th century:
(i) Society was broadly divided into estates and orders
(ii) The aristocracy and church-controlled economic and social power.

(i) Powerful ideas of freedom and equality circulated in Europe after the French Revolution
(ii) The French Revolution opened up the possibility of creating a dramatic change in the way in which society was structured.

Well to do peasants were regarded as 'Kulaks' in Russia.

International Women's Day is celebrated on February 22nd, as a mark of honour, because on this day in Russia many  women led the way to strikes in factories.

On the western front armies fought the war from trenches stretched along eastern front. While on the eastern front, armies moved a great deal and fought battles leaving large casualties.

Liberals
(i) Liberals were one of the groups which looked to change society. They wanted a 'secular' nation which tolerated all religions.
(ii) They opposed religious discrimination and uncontrolled power of dynastic rulers. They wanted to safeguard the rights of individuals.
(iii) They wanted a representative, elected Parliamentary Government and a well-trained judiciary that was independent of rulers and officials.
Radicals
(i) They wanted a government based on the majority of a country's population. They supported universal adult suffrage, including the vote for women.
(ii) Unlike liberals, they opposed the privileges of great landowners and wealthy factory owners.
(iii) They were not against the existence of private property, but opposed concentration of property in the hands of a few.
Conservatives
(i) They were opposed to liberals and radicals. They generally opposed the idea of change during the 18th century.
(ii) By the 19th century, they accepted that some change was inevitable, but believed it had to be brought about through a slow process.
(iii) They respected old or past traditions and customs.

The Provisional Government decided to taken stern measures.
(i) It resisted attempts by workers to run factories and began arresting leaders.
(ii) Popular demonstrations staged by the Bolsheviks in July 1917 were sternly suppressed.
(iii) Many Bolshevik leaders had to go into hiding or flee or face imprisonment.

(i) Prior to 1914, the socialists were unable to form a government of their own.
(ii) Governments continued to be run by conservatives , liberals and radicals .
(iii) Represented by strong  figures they were able to influence legislation through their representatives

(i) Not everyone in Europe wanted a complete transformation of society
(ii) Responses varied from those who accepted that some change was necessary but wished for a gradual shift.
(iii) Yet others wanted to restructure society radically.
(iv) Some were 'conservatives' other were 'liberals' or 'radicals'

(i) Army officials, landowners and industrialists were influential in the Provisional government.
(ii) The liberals as well as socialists among them worked towards an elected government.
(iii) Restrictions on public meetings and associations were removed.
(iv) 'Soviets', like the Petrograd Soviet, were set up everywhere, though no common system of election was followed.

The main changes brought about by the Bolsheviks immediately after the October Revolution were:
(i) Peace: Immediately after coming to power Lenin announced his decision to withdraw from War. He made peace with Germany at, Brest Litovsk and by the adoption of the Decree of Peace, Russia withdrew from World War 1.
(ii) No Private Property: To realize the old socialist ideal, private property as a means of production was abolished. Lands of clergy and nobility were confiscated. Land and other means of production were declared property of the' entire nation. Work was now an essential requirement for everyone as there was no unearned income to live on.
(iii) Nationalisation: All industries, banks, insurance companies, mines, water, transports and railways were nationalized. Control of industries was given to the workers.
(iv) End of Privileges: The use of old titles of the aristocracy was banned. It marked the end of the system of privileges, thus creating a classless society.
(v) Declaration of the Rights of People: Russia unilaterally renounced all the unequal treaties which the Tsar's government had imposed on countries such as China, Iran, and Afghanistan. The right of all peoples to equality and self-determination was proclaimed.
(vi) The Bolshevik Party was renamed the Russian Communist Party. Russia became a one-party state. All Russian Congress of Soviets became the Parliament of the country.

Political Conditions:
Russia at the time of the revolution was under the autocratic rule of Tsar Nicholas II who believed in the Divine Right of Kings, a system of governance unsuited to the needs of modern times. The Russian empire was vast and feudal. Th;e bureaucracy was top-heavy, inefficient and recruited from the privileged classes rather than on the basis of merit and ability. The Russian Tsars had built a vast empire by conquest of various nationalities. They were subjected to Russian culture and language. The Tsar showed little concern to their sensitivity.
Social Conditions:
Russia before 1905 was still living in the old world, under the autocratic rule of the Tsar. Russian society was divided into three classes-the clergy, the nobility and the working class.
Serfdom was abolished in 1861, but the peasants continued to live in misery.
(i) For small holdings, peasants had to pay heavy redemption dues.
(ii) Vast estates were owned by the Russian nobility and the church.
(iii) Land hunger of the peasants was a major social factor in Russian Society.
The last quarter of the 19th century saw the growth and spread of socialist ideas and groups in the countryside and among the workers. They played a vital role in the spread of awareness and struggle for workers' and peasants rights. The social scene in Russia bef~re 1905 was riddled with inherent tensions.
Economic Conditions (Poor condition of workers):
Industrialization brought a new class into being the industrial worker. They lived in conditions of misery. Workers had no political rights and no means of gaining even minor reforms. Work hours were long, wages were poor and unemployment common. The middle class and intellectuals were also opposed and united against the exploitative system based on privileges. The state exchequer was bankrupt due to the spendthrift ways of the Tsar, expensive wars, the burden of the bureaucracy and maintaining a large army. The privileged classes, clergy and nobility who could afford were exempted from taxes. While the poor peasantry and working class were burdened with taxes. Industry in Russia developed largely due to foreign investment. Foreign investors were only interested in quick profits at the expense of workers. Russia's defeat in the 1905 Russo-Japanese War brought all the summary discontentment of the people to the fore.

Revolutionary movements had been growing in russia prior to 1905. The shameful defeat of russia in thje Russo-Japanese War of 1904, rise in prices of essential commodiates and subsequent decline in real wages, together with the incident of 'Bloody Sunday' were the immediate causes for revolutionary disturbances in Russia in 1905.
The revolutionaries demanded: a constituent assembly, alongwith increase in wages, improvement in working conditions and an eight-hour working day.