Each kidney consists of more than one million nephrons. Nephrons or uriniferous tubules are structural and functional units of the kidneys. Each nephron consists of Renal corpuscle or Malphigian corpuscle and renal tubule. The renal corpuscle consists of a cup-shaped structure called Bowman's capsule containing a bunch of capillaries called glomerulus. Blood enters the glomerular capillaries through afferent arterioles and leaves out through efferent arterioles. The Bowman's capsule continues as the renal tubule which consists of three regions proximal convoluted tubule, U-shaped hair pin loop, the loop of Henle and the distal convoluted tubule. The distal convoluted tubule opens into the collecting tubule. The nitrogenous wastes are drained into renal pelvis of kidney which leads to ureters and stored in the urinary bladder. Urine is expelled out through the urethra.

It is in metaphase stage. The duplicated chromosomes arrange on the equatorial plane and form the metaphase plate. Each chromosome gets attached to a spindle fibre by its centromere.

The Aquaregia is a mixture of hydrochloric acid and nitric acid prepared optimally in a molar ratio of 3:1. It is a yellow-orange fuming liquid.

Chemical bonds are divided into two. One is strong bond and another one is weak bond. The strong bond is further divided into ionic bond, covalent bond, coordinate bond and metallic bond. Weak bond is divided into Hydrogen bond and Van der walls interaction.

100 g of water = 90^o C
600 g of water \(=20^{\circ} \mathrm{C} \times 6=120^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\)
700 g of water total temperature \(=90^{\circ}+120^{\circ} \mathrm{C}=210^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\)
The final temperature of water is \(=210^{\circ} \mathrm{C} / 7=30^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\)
(OR)
Final temperature of a mixture (t) = ?
\(t =\frac{\left(m_{1} c_{1} t_{1}\right)+\left(m_{2} c_{2} t_{2}\right)}{\left(m_{1} c_{1}\right)+\left(m_{2} c_{2}\right)}  \)
\(=\frac{(100 \times 4.18 \times 90)+(600 \times 4.18 \times 20)}{(100 \times 4.18)+(600 \times 4.18)}  \)
\(=\frac{37620+50160}{418+2508}=\frac{87780}{2926}  \)
\(t =30^{\circ} \mathrm{C}\)

i) Forelimbs of birds are modified into wings with feathers for flight.
ii) The hind limbs are adapted for walking perching or swimming.

A ray of light going towards the centre of curvature is reflected back along the same path. It is a rule for construction of image formed by spherical mirrors.

Data is the set of values of qualitative and quantitative variables. The data that is fed to the computer can be text, number or statistics. These data stored in computer memory cannot be used directly. It has to be processed.
Information The information we get or obtain or receive using the data from the computer can be used directly.

Atoms of different elements with different atomic numbers and different mass numbers, but with the same number of neutrons are called isotones.
Example: Boron and Carbon have same number of neutrons.

After the filteration of a solution the liquid that collected is called filtrate.
In the process of fractional distillation the clear liquid collected is called distillate.

The measuring unit of the thickness of a plastic carry bag is micron.

When the car turns around circle, it experiences centripetal acceleration
\(a=\frac { { v }^{ 2 } }{ r } \)
The solution is as follows \(=\frac { \left( 10 \right) ^{ 2 } }{ 25 } \)
\(=\frac { 100 }{ 25 } \)
a = 4 m s^‒2
To determine the net force acting upon the car, use the equation F = ma.
F = ma F = 900 × 4 F = 3600 N

Relative density is a measure of how dense one thing is when compared to a reference, the reference is usually water.
With respect to water, the relative density of 13600 kg m^-3 of mercury is 13.6.
ie = \(\frac {13600}{1000}\) = 13.6 times dense as water. (where 1000kg m^-3 in the density of water).