Cattles are classified into three types
i) Dairy breeds
ii) Draught (or) Draft breeds
iii) Dual purpose breeds and Buffalo breeds
i) Dairy breeds:
1. Dairy animals are domesticated for obtaining milk.
2. They can be indigenous or Exotic breeds.
3. Indigenous breeds are native of India. They are well built with strong limbs, prominent hump and loose skin.
4. Milk production depends on the duration of the lactation period, these animals show excellent resistant to diseases.
5. Ex: Sahiwal, Red sindhi, Deoni and Gir.
6. Exotic breeds are imported from foreign countries, these foreign breeds are selected for long lactation periods.
7. Ex: Jersy, Brown swiss and Holstein - Friesian
8 The Indian breeds and foreign breeds can be cross bred to produce animals with both desired qualities.
ii) Draught (or) Draft breeds:
1. They are used for agricultural work, such as tilling, irrigation and carting.
2. Bullocks are good draft animals while the cows are poor milk yielders.
3. Ex: Amritmahal, Kangayam, Umblachery, Malvi
iii) Dual purpose breeds and Buffalo breeds:
Dual purpose breeds:
In India these breeds are favoured by farmers as the cows are fairly good milk yielders and bullocks are good for draught work. They include Haryana, Ongole, Kankrej and Tharparkar.
Buffalo breeds:
Buffaloes are the main milk producers in India. Murrah, Mehsana and Surti are Indigenous buffalo breeds which are good milk yielders.

Fish farm requires different types of pond for the various developmental stages of fish growth, they are
a) Breeding pond:
Healthy and sexually mature male and female fishes are collected and introduced in this pond for breeding. The eggs released by the female are fertilized by the sperm and fertilized eggs float in water as frothy mass.
b) Hatching pits:
The fertilized eggs are transferred to hatching pits for hatching.
c) Nursery ponds:
The hatchlings are transferred from hatching pits after 2 to 7 days. The hatchlings grow into fry and are cultured in these ponds for about 60 days with proper feeding till they reach 2 - 2.5 cm in length.
d) Rearing ponds:
Rearing ponds are used to culture the fry. The fish fry are transferred from nursery pond to rearing ponds and are maintained for about three months till they reach 10 to 15 cm in length. In these rearing ponds, the fry develops into fingerlings.
e) Stocking pond:
The stocking pond is also called as culture pond or production pond. These ponds are used to rear fingerlings upto the markable size. Before releasing the fingerlings the pond is manured with organic manure and inorganic fertilizers.

a) Importance of green houses
1. Disease-free plants can be produced continuously.
2. Water requirement of the crop is very low
3. Yield is very high compared to outdoor cultivation.
4. A limited pesticide is needed.
5. It protects plants from uncertain weather.
b) Uzahavan mobile Application
Government of Tamilnadu has launched Uzhavan mobile application. It can be used by farmer together information on farm subsidies, farm equipment, crop insurance and weather conditions. It also provides information on available stock of seeds and fertilizers in local government and private stores.
c) Major floriculture zones
Hosur, Chennai, Madurai, Trichy, Coimbatore, Kanyakumari and Hill area zones are some of the major floriculture zones,
d) Azospirilium
1. Azospirillum has the ability to use atmospheric nitrogen and transport. This nutrient to the crop plants. It, is inoculated on maize, barley, oats and sorgham crops.
2. It increases productivity of cereals by 5-20% of millets by 30% and fodder by over 50%.

Biofertilizers are substances that contain living micro organisms which, when applied to
seeds, plant surfaces or soil, colonize the rhizosphere or the lnterior of the plant and promote growth by increasing the supply or availability or primary nutrients to the host plant.
Example:
Rhyzobium:
It is a soil bacterium that colonize the roots of leguminous plants to form root nodules. The bacteria fix atmospheric nitrogen and convert them to ammonia.
Advantages of biofertilizers aver other Fertilizers:
1. In addition to releasing nutrients biofertilizers improve the structure and texture of the soil and increases the ability to hold water and nutrients, overtime, the soil and plants become healthy and strong.
2. Since it is technically living, it can symbiotically associate with plant roots involved micro organisms could readily and safely convert complex organic material into simple compounds, so that they are easily taken up plants.
3. Micro organism function is in long duration causing improvement of the soil fertility. It maintains the natural habitat of the soil.
4. It increase crop yield by 20 - 30% replaces chemical nitrogen and phosphorous by 30% and stimulates plant growth.
5. It can also provide protection against drought and soil borne diseases.

Advantages of hydroponics:
1. Conservation of water and nutrients.
2. Controlled plant growth.
3. In deserts and Arctic regions hydroponics can be an effective alternative method.
4. Hydroponics is the method of growing plants without soil, using mineral nutrient solutions in water.
5. Hydroponics is successfully employed for the commercial production of seedless cucumber and tomato.