(i) Pennycuick was an army engineer and civil servant who also served as a member of the Madras legislative council.
(ii) He decided to divert the west flowing Periyar river draining into the Arabian sea to the east, so that it could irrigate lakhs of acres of dry land dependent on the Vaigai river.
(iii) Though Pennycuick and other British engineers went ahead with the construction braving nature's fury and the dangers of poisonous insects and wild animals, the construction was disrupted by relentless rain.
(iv) Since he could not get adequate funds from the British government, Pennycuick went to England and sold his family property to mobilise money to fund the project which was completed in 1895.
(v) The Mullai Periyar Dam continues to irrigate agricultural lands in Theni, Dindigul, Madurai, Sivagangai and Ramanathapuram districts.

(i) The critical moment came after the king shut out the commoners and the latter assembled in the Tennis-court and took an oath that they would not disperse until they found a way out to their problems.
(ii) The king tried to use force but his own soldiers refused to obey his orders.
(ii) King Louis then intrigued to get foreign regiments to shoot down his own people.
(iii) This provoked the people to rise in revolt in Paris on 14 July 1789.
(iv) They stormed the Bastille prison and set free all the prisoners.
(v) The fall of Bastille was the first great turning point in the French revolution.

(i) The British Parliament repeated the Townshend Acts. But it retained the tax on tea.
(ii) This harmed the local tea trade and so it was decided to boycott this tea. In many places the colonists obstructed the import of tea.
(iii) In NewYork and Philadelphia ships carrying tea were blocked.
(iv) In December 1773, a group of men disguised themselves as Native Americans boarded the Cargo vessels and threw the tea overboard which was hailed as the Boston Tea party.
(v) It was a challenge which led to war between the rebellious colonies and England.

Components of remote sensing are
(i) Energy source
(ii) Transmission path
(iii) Target
(iv) Sensor

A map should include the following components namely, the title, scale, direction, grid reference, projection, legend, conventional signs and symbols

(i) A map is the basic tool of a geographer. It illustrates the earth's surface clearly and effectively through a combination of drawings, words and symbols.
(ii) A map projection is a way of showing the spherical shaped earth on a flat piece of paper.
(iii) A map projection is a systematic transformation of the latitudes and longitudes oflocation from the surface of a sphere or an ellipsoid into locations on a plane.
(iv) A Globe is a spherical model of earth. Globe Serve similar purposes to maps but unlike maps do not disturb the surface that they portray except to scale it down. A globe of earth is called terrestrial globe.

Important functions of the Village Panchayat are
(i) Supply of drinking water
(ii) Maintenance of street lights
(iii) Maintenance of Road
(iv) Maintenance of village libraries
(v) Maintenance of small bridges
(vi) Maintenance of drainage
(vii) Maintenance of burial grounds
(viii) Granting permission to housing plots
(ix) Construction of group houses
(x) Cleaning of streets
(xi) Maintenance of common lavatory facilities

The village panchayats levy the following taxes such as, Property tax, Professional tax, House tax, Taxes on connecting drinking water, Land tax and Taxes levied on shops.

(i) Of the total migrants who go to foreign countries, nearly 20% have chosen to go to Singapore.
(ii) 18 % have gone to United Arab Emirates.
(iii) 16 % to Saudi Arabia.
(iv) 13 % to United States of America.
(v) Malaysia, Kuwait, Oman, Quatar, Australia and England are also refered as important destinations for migrants from Tamil Nadu, in 2015

Cuddalore, Karur, Tiruvannamalai, Velur, Namakkal, Salem, Dindigul, Krishnagiri, Nilgiris and Dharmapuri districts record low incidence of emigrants.

(i) Saplings of native species of plants and trees are being grown planet and cared for
(ii) Live colonies of coral from the Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve are being transplanted to Palk Bay. The existing mangroves and the region are being mapped and the way land is used around the mangrove is being studied.
(iii) Along with awareness programmes, the communities are also being provided with livelihood training, so they can earn an income in more ways than just fishing.

April Revolution and democracy in Nepal.
i) On April 2006, the leaders of Nepal vibrant pre-democracy civil society movement "Seven Party Alliance" (SPA) called for a million strong demonstration.
ii) It was stage at seven different points along the Ring road encircling the capital Kathmandu.
iii) People demanded end to the autocratic rule of monarchy and restoration of total democracy.
iv) The king Gyanendra stopped down paring the way for democracy in Nepal.

The crop cultivation depends on the amount of land being cultivated, productivity of crops, source of water weather, rainfall etc.

(i) The Union Water Board is constantly monitoring the level and nature of ground water.
(ii) This continuous monitoring has categorized the Panchayat Union in terms of the amount of groundwater used.

• Arctic Tundra Food Wed 

It is a well-balanced food web. This region gets slanting sunrays means very little sunlight in which lichens, grasses, and wildflowers grow and form the first trophic level as a producer. In the second trophic level herbivores who depend on the producers for survival like Arctic Hare, Musk ox, Lemming is the primary consumers. Carnivores who eat the herbivore are-Hawk, Polar Bear and Wolf. They are above the herbivores in a food pyramid. They are secondary consumers.

(i) An ecosystem is a community, where all living organisms live and interact with one another and also with their non-living environment such as land, soil, air, water etc.
(ii) Ecosystems range in size from the smallest units (Eg: bark of a tree) that can sustain life to the global ecosystem or ecosphere. (Eg: Cropland, Pond ecosystem, Forest ecosystem, Desert ecosystem etc.).
(iii) Biosphere harbours all ecosystems on the earth and sustains life forms including mankind.

Cyclones can be classified into
(i) Tropical cyclones
(ii) Temperate cyclones
(iii) Extra Tropical cyclones

The atmospheric pressure is measured with a mercury barometer and the unit of measurement is millibar (mb).

The amount of heat received from the sun in the form of short waves is called insulation (or) incoming Solar Radiation

(i) The blanket of air that surrounds the Earth is called the atmosphere.
(ii) It is held close to the earth by gravitational attraction.
(iii) Atmosphere plays on important role in predicting weather phenomenon.
(iv) It is a mixture of gases, water vapour and dust particles in different proportion.

(i) Hammurabi Code is an important legal document that specifies the laws related to various crimes.
(ii) It has 282 provisions specifying cases related to family rights, trade, slavery, taxes and wages.
(iii) It is carved on a stone, which portrays Hammurabi as receiving the code from the Sun god Shamash.
(iv) It was a compilation of old laws based on retributive principles.
(v) The 'eye for eye' and 'tooth for tooth' form of justice is used in the Hammurabi Code.

1. The Numerous sculpture, paintings and carvings attest to the artistic skills of Egyptians.
2. Their writing is also a form of art.
3. Giza pyramids are considered to be one of the wonders of the world.
4. These monuments display the engineering, architectural and human resource management skills of the Egyptians.

(i) The people of Middle Palaeo lithic culture were called Neanderthals.
(ii) They buried the dead people systematically.
(iii) They were the first human ancestors to mourn death properly and bury the dead.
(iv) They did not have needles, sewn clothes and warm houses essential for survival in colder climates.

1. In the course of evolution, humans became conscious and knowledgeable.
2. They turned curious and began to think and ask questions.
3. At first, they considered nature as God.
4. They worshipped sun, moon and various natural forces about which they developed their own understanding.