(i) Evacuate calmly and quickly whenever a fire alarm or carbon monoxide alarm sounds.
(ii) Before opening the door, feel it with the back of your hand. If the door is hot, do not open it.
(iii) If you encounter smoke during your evacuation, stay low to the floor.
(iv) Know the locations of fire extinguishers, fire alarm pull stations, and exits

(i) You should find out if your home, school, workplace, or other frequently visited locations are in tsunami hazard areas along sea-shore.
(ii) Plan evacuation routes from your home, school, workplace, or any other place you could be where tsunamis poses a risk.
(iii) Use a Weather Radio or stay tuned to a local radio or television station to keep informed of local watches and warnings.
(iv) Discuss tsunamis with your family. Everyone should know what to do in a tsunami situation.
(v) Discussing tsunamis ahead of time will help reduce fear and save precious time in an emergency.
(vi) Review flood safety and preparedness measures with your family.

(i) A tsunami can kill or injure people and damage or destroy buildings and infrastructure as waves come in and go out.
(ii) A tsunami is a series of enormous ocean waves caused by earthquakes, underwater landslides, volcanic eruptions, or asteroids.
(iii) Tsunamis can travel 700-800 per hour with waves 10-30 meter high.
(iv) It causes flooding and disrupts transportation, power, communications, and the water supply.

The merits of federal government are
(a) Reconciliation of local autonomy with national unity.
(b) Division power between centre and states leads to administrative efficiency.
(c) It gives rise to big states.
d) Distribution powers checks the despotism of central government.
(e) More suitable for bigger countries
(f) It is good for economic and cultural progress.

(i) Unitary / Federal
(ii) Written constitution / unwritten constitution
(iii) Flexible / Rigid

(i) Labour force of the economy is the number of people in the country who work and are also capable of working.
(ii) We take the age group of 15-60 years for the computation of work force.

(i) Development refers to the progress of a particular field or a particular person.
(ii) The economic progress of a country is known as economic development.
(iii) Development refers to the improvement in quality of life such as higher income, better education, better health and nutrition less poverty and more equal opportunity.

(i) A settlement pattern refers to the way that buildings and houses are distributed in a rural settlement.
(ii) Settlement patterns are of interest to geographers, historians and anthropologists for the insight they offer in how a community has developed over time.
Linear : In a linear settlement pattern, the buildings are arranged in lines. These lines often follow the route of a road or body of water.
Dispersed : In a dispersed settlement pattern, the buildings are scattered over a wide area. Dispersed settlement patterns are often associated with agricultural activity and are frequently surrounded by farmland.
Nucleated: In a nucleated settlement pattern, the buildings are grouped around a central core. Nucleated settlement patterns are usually associated with patterns of agriculture in which the settlement is surrounded two or three fields, and each field divided into strips that were formed b individual farmers.

(i) Tertiary sector in the service sector. The basic characteristics of this sector is offering the knowledge instea of producing products.
(ii) Service sector in the key factor for the social, economic growth of a country.
(iii) It controls the work pattern and output of the primary and secondary sectors. So tertiary sector is in top position in the world now.

(i) Of all the movements of the oceans, sea waves are considered to be the strongest.
(ii) Sea waves are ripples on water caused when winds blow over the sea.
(iii) The height of these waves depends on the speed of wind, its duration and the direction from which they blow.
(iv) Sometimes waves are also caused by tremors felt on the ocean floor.
(v) Such waves are quite destructive and called Tsunami

The factors that generate ocean currents are:
(i) Earth's rotation
(ii) Prevailing winds and
(iii) Differences in temperature and salinity of ocean water

(i) The Earth's water is not static.
(ii) It is always in motion.
(iii) This continuous movement of water on, above and below the earth's surface is called the Hydrological Cycle.
(iv) The three major processes involved in the water cycle are evaporation, condensation and precipitation.

Hydrosphere consists of water in various forms found on the earth. It is held on land as glaciers, ice caps, ground water, river, lakes and also as the water vapour in air.

(i) The Protestant reformation posed a threat to the Catholic Church.
(ii) In order to meet the challenge, Pope Paul III and his successors introduced a number of rigorous reforms in the Church. They dealt with corruption severely and stopped the sale of offices.
(iii) The Council of Trent reemphasized the importance of ceremonies and the significance of the mass.
(iv) Further, it revitalized the Inquisition to deal with opposition to the Church.
(v) It also gave official sanction to the Society of Jesus.
(vi) This reformation of the Catholic Church from within is known as Counter Reformation.

(i) Renaissance most important contribution was the idea of humanism.
(ii) It marked a definite shift towards individualism, secularism and nationalism.
(iii) The introduction and practice of writing in the vernacular language enriched the growth of vernacular languages.
(iii) Renaissance made a beginning in criticizing the corrupt and wordly practices of the Church.
(iv) The curiosity kindled by the renaissance played a decisive role in the discovery of new Iand routes and remapping of the world.
(v) The spirit of adventurism and quest for knowledge impelled the mariners to sail into the high seas.

(i) Sericulture the silk production by breeding the mulberry silkworm was introduced in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries.
(ii) By the seventeenth century, Bengal had become one of the largest silk-producing regions in the world.
(iii) In addition, other varieties of silk (like tassar) were also produced.

(i) Cities and towns fulfilled diverse and overlapping roles in the economy.
(ii) The large cities were centres of manufacturing and marketing, banking and financial services.
(iii) Network of roads connected cities to other parts of the country.
(iv) Smaller towns were marketing centres in local trade connecting the immediate rural hinterland.
(v) Cities also served as political and administrative centres, both in the capital region and in the provinces.
(vi) Major pilgrimage centres like Varanasi also grew into cities.

(i) Vijayanagar kingdom was established by - Harihara and Bukka (the two brothers).
(ii) This empire was ruled by Sangama dynasty, Saluva dynasty and the Tuluva dynasty.

Excommunication and Interdict were the two instruments used against those who defied the church.

(i) Crusades ended the feudal relations.
(ii) Many of the nobles who went to East to take part in the Crusades either stayed too long a period or did not return.
(iii) The serfs took advantage of their absence to break away from their bondage to the soil.
(iv) Increasing demand for products of the east Ied to expansion of trade.
(v) Venice, Genoa, and Pisa emerged as important commercial centres in the mediterranean region.
(vi) Constantinople ceased to be the middle man in the trade between the East and the West.
(vii) The elemination of powerful nobles had its influence in strengthening the monarchy in France and England. One notable outcome of Crusades was the loss of prestige suffered by Pope and Papacy.

(i) Between 8^th and 7^th centuries BC(BCE) the warring states in China built defensive walls to protect themselves from enemies from the north.
(ii) During Chin dynasty the separated walls were connected and consequently the wall.
(iv) This wall is considered to be one of the wonders of the world, stretched from east to west for about 5000 kilometres.
(v) Served to keep nomadic tribes out. Now it is 6700 kilometers in length.

(i) Han Empire once again threw open the silk road for trade.
(ii) A large export trade, mainly in silk, reached as far as the Roman Empire.
(iii) In the north artisans and herders of rival "barbarian" dynasties brought in new techniques like the methods of harnessing horses, use of saddle and stirrup.
(iv) Techniques of building bridges and mountain roads and seafaring.
(v) At the beginning of the Christian Era, the Han Empire rivalled that of Roman in size and Wealth.

(i) Romans were prepared to tolerate Christianity. But the refusal of the Christians to pay respect to the Emperor's image was viewed as political treason.
(ii) It led to the prosecution of Christians.
(iii) Later one of the Roman Emperors, Constantine himself became a Christian. Christianity thus became the official religion of the Empire.