a) Common cold, Influenza.
b) Viruses exhibit both living and nonliving characters.
They can live on plants; animals, human being and even bacteria and can be easily transmitted from one host to another.

Manure is organic matter derived from animal faces and plant waste. When the plants are cultivated continuously on a field, the soil gradually loses its nutrients and eventually gets depleted.
Thus manures and fertilizers are used to provide nutrient to the soil due to which the crop filed is enhanced.

1. The roots of mesophytes are well developed and are provided with root caps.
2. The stem is generally straight and branched.
3. The leaves are generally broad and thin.
4. The presence of waxy cuticle in leaves traps the moisture and lessons the water loss.
5. Leaves have stomata which close in extreme heat and wind to prevent transpiration.

i) Drugs that are used in the treatment and cure of any specific disease.
ii) Drugs that have some characteristic effect on the animal organism. But do not have any remedial effect for a particular disease. This class includes Morphine, Cocaine etc.,

Carbon is insoluble in water. But some of its compounds-are soluble in water and other solvents.
Eg: Ethanol and CO₂ are soluble in water.

According to Big - Bang theory all the matter in the universe was concentrated in a single point of hot dense matter. About 13.7 billion years ago, an explosion occured and ejected all the matter in all directions in the form of galaxies.

Persistance of sound due to repeated reflection is called reverberation. This occurs in big halls, even after the source stops producing sound.
To reduce reverberation, the roof and walls of the auditorium are covered with sound absorbing materials like fireboard, heavy curtains, rough plaster etc.,

Density = \(\frac {mass of the Sun}{ 4/3 \pi {r}^{3}}\)
= \(\frac {2 \times {10}^{30}}{4/3 \times \pi \times {7}^{3}\times {10}^{24}}\)
Density of Sun = 1392.0257 kg/m³
The density of the Sun is in the range of density of liquids and solutions not gases.

i) Kitchen or Nutrition gardening.
ii) Commercial gardening.
iii} Vegetable forcing.

All the major system of medicines such as Ayurveda, Yoga, Unani, Siddha, Homeopathy use drugs obtained from plants and animals. These drugs from medicinal plants are called secondary metabolites.

Operating system is a software that makes the hardware devices process the data fed by the user and to display the result on the output devices, like monitor.
Without the operating system, computer can not function on its own. Some of the popular operating system are Iinux, windows, Mac, Android etc.,

Hardware:
Hardware is the parts of a computer which we can touch and feel. Hardware includes input and output devices, cabinet, Hard disk, Mother board, SMPS, CPU, RAM, CD Drive and graphics card.
Software:
(i) Software are programmed and coded applications to process the input information
(ii) The software processes the data by converting the input information into coding or programmed language .
(iii) Touching and feeling the software is not possible but we can see the functions of the software in the form of output.

1. Yes, Chicken pox would not occur again for sanjay .
2. Because, once it occured, his body will derive immunity against that disease .
3. This kind of immunity is developed by our body, during the first infection of chicken pox pathogen .
4. The antibodies produced in the blood remain for a long period and kill the simile pathogens, whenever they enter the body.

i) Availability of more water than needed.
ii) Water current may damage the plant body.
iii) Water levels may change regularly.
iv) Maintain buoyancy in water.

Major human activities affecting the water cyclic on land are urbanisation dumping of plastic waste on land and into water, polluting water bodies and deforestation.

Gaganyaan is an Indian crewed orbital space craft.
1. It is India's first manned spaceflight is expected to send three persons into the space for seven days
2. This spacecraft will be placed in a low earth orbit of 300 - 400 kms.
3. GSLV MK - III, the three stage heavy lift launch vehicle, will be used to launch gaganyaan, as it has the necessary payload capability.
4. The programme is expected to be completed before 2022 and is expected to cost less than 10,000 crore.

1. Comets are lumps of dust and ice that revolve around the Sun in highly elliptical orbits. Their period of revolution is very long .
2. When approaching the Sun, a comet vaporizes and forms a head and tail .
3. Some of the biggest comets had tails of length 160 million km long .
4. Many comets are known to appear periodically.
5. Ex. Halley's comet, which appears nearly every 76 years.

Tuning fork

Pascal's Law states that the external pressure applied on an incompressible liquid is transmitted uniformly throughout the liquid.

It is a mixture of hydrochloric acid and nitric acid prepared optimally in a molar ratio of 3: 1. It is a yellow-orange fuming liquid. It is a highly corrosive liquid, able to attack gold and other resistant substances.
i. Aquaregia is used to dissolve the noble metals such as gold, platinum and palladium.
ii. It is used for cleaning and refining gold.

(a) Aluminium (Al \(\rightarrow\) Al³⁺ +3e^-)
(b) Oxygen atom (O + 2e^- \(\rightarrow\)O^2-)

No, if two magnetic lines of force intersect then there will be two tangents and hence two directions of the magnetic field at the point of intersection. This is not possible.

Bluetooth, Wi-Fi are used to connect to internet without using any connecting cables / devices.
(i) Bluetooth
Mouse, Keyboard can be connected to the computer using the Bluetooth. Using Bluetooth the data can be shared with nearby devices.
(ii) Wi-Fi
Net connectivity can be obtained using the Wi-Fi without any connecting cables. Any data from anywhere can be shared using Wi-Fi.

1. Umbilical cord consists of stem cells, They are undifferentiated cells which undergo unlimited divisions and give rise to one or more different types of cells. Embryonic stem cells differentiate into different tissues and organs.
2. Stem cells can be used in the treatment of certain degenerative diseases in future

Mass of lead m = 115 g
Heat required Q = 2875 J
Specific latent heat of lead L = ?
We know that Q = m L
L = \(\frac { Q }{ m } =\frac { 2875 }{ 115 } \)
= 25 Jg^-1

Three parts of the computer are:
(i) Input Unit
(ii) Central Processing Unit (CPU)
(iii) Output Unit.

a. The two testes lie in the respective scrotal sacs. The scrotum acts as a thermoregulator organ and provides an optimum temperature for the formation of sperms. The sperms develop at a temperature of 1-3°C lower than the normal body temperature. Hence scrotum remains outside the body of human males.
b. The wall of the stomach is protected by mucus. Hence the wall of the stomach is not digested by its own enzymes. Further the gastric enzyme pepsinogen is present only in inactive form and converted into active pepsin only when food enters the stomach

Permanent teeth are of four types (Heterodont), according to their structure and function namely incisors, canines, premolars and molars.

(i) Complex tissues are made of more than one type of cells that work together as a unit.
(ii) Complex tissues consist of parenchyma and sclerenchyma cells. However, collenchymatous cells are not present in such tissues. Common examples are xylem and phloem.

In agriculture, the pH of soil is very important. Citrus fruits require slightly alkaline soil, while rice requires acidic soil and sugarcane requires neutral soil.

Uses of acids:
(i) Hydrochloric acid is used as a cleansing agent in toilets.
(ii) Citric acid is used in the preparation of effervescent salts and as a food preservative.
(iii) Nitric acid is used in the manufacture of fertilizers, dyes, paints and drugs.
(iv) Carbonic acid is used in aerated drinks.

a. Co-ordinate Covalent compound.
b.  Ionic compound.
c. Covalent compound
d. Ionic compound

(i) Elements with large difference in properties were included in the same group.
Eg: Hard metals like copper (Cu) and silver (Ag) were included along with soft metals like sodium (Na) and potassium (K).
(ii) No proper position could be given to the element hydrogen. Non-metallic hydrogen was placed along with metals like lithium (Li), sodium (Na) and potassium (K).
(iii) The increasing order of atomic mass was not strictly followed throughout.
Eg: Co & Ni, Te & I.
(iv) No place for isotopes in the periodic table.

In modern periodic table the horizontal rows are called periods. There are seven periods in the periodic table. Vertical columns starting from top to bottom are called groups. There are Eighteen groups in the periodic table.

First law: Whenever there is a change in magnetic flux linked with a coil, an electric current is induced. The induced potential difference lasts so long as there is a change in the magnetic flux linked with the coil.
Second law: The magnitude of the induced current is directly proportional to the rate of change of magnetic flux linked with the coil

It is a step down transformer. So that rectified DC voltage is equal to battery voltage, hence it can work on mains as well as on battery.

Ohm's law states that electric potential difference across two points in an electrical circuit is directly proportional to the current passing through it that is
V ∝ I
The proportionality constant is the resistance (R) offered between two points. Hence Ohms law is written as
V = RI (or) V = IR

White coloured clothes are good reflectors of heat. They keep us cool during summer. So people prefer wearing white clothes during summer.

Elements which lose electrons to form positively charged ions are called cations.
Example: \(\underset{2,8,1}{Na-e^-}⟶\underset{2,8}{Na^+}\)
Elements which gain electrons to form ions which are negatively charged are called anions.
Example: \(\underset{2,8, 7}{Cl + e^- }⟶\underset{2,8,8}{Cl^-}\)

Minerals are very important to maintain the physiological process in our body. They are the constituents of teeth, bones, tissues, blood, muscles and nerve cells.

The root and shoot move towards the direction of the stimuli, whereas the movement of the opening and closing of the flowers are not directed towards stimuli. Such movements in plants are called as Nastic movements. Unlike tropic movement, nastic movements are independent of the stimuli direction and may or may not be growth movement.

In change of states, increase in pressure alone cannot bring about change of states from gas to liquid to solid. Apart from high pressure, low temperature is also necessary for a gas to be converted into liquid.

The critical angle for diamond - air interface ( \(\theta _{ c }\) = 24.4°) is very small; therfore once light enters a diamond, it is very likely to undergo total internal reflection inside it: Diamonds faces in nature rarely exhibit the brilliance for which they are known. It is the technical skill of a diamond cutter which makes diamonds to sparkle so brilliantly. By cutting the diamond siutably, multiple total internal reflections can be made to occur.

(i) Speed = \(\frac { Distance }{ Time } \)= Distance = 1 km = 1000 m
Time =100 s
Speed = \(\frac { 1000 }{ 100 } \) =10 m/s
(ii) \(\frac { Displacement }{ time } \) = Velocity
Displacement = 1 km = 1000 m
Time = 100 s
Velocity = \(\frac { 1000 }{ 100 } \) = 10 m/s.

M.S. reading = 3.8 cm
V.S.R = 5^th division
least count = 0.01 cm
Length = P.S.R + (V.S.C x L.C)
= 3.8 + (5 x 0.01) = 3.8 + 0.05 = 3.85
Length of the iron cylinder = 3.85 cm

1. Fishes are poikilothermic, aquatic vertebrate with jaw.
2. Body is streamlined and differentiated into head, trunk, and tail.
3. Locomotion is by paired and median fins.
4. Body has covering of scales.
5. Respiration is performed by gills. Gill slits are 5-7 pairs.

The body wall is of two layers of cells namely the outer ectoderm and the inner endoderm, which is separated from each other by a non-cellular jelly-like substance called mesoglea.

The spherical mirror equation is \(\frac { 1 }{ f } =\frac { 1 }{ { u } } +\frac { 1 }{ v } \)
u = distance of object.
v = distance of image.
f = focal length of spherical mirror.

Magnification is defined as the ratio of the height of the image \(\left( { h }_{ i } \right) \) to the height of object \(\left( { h }_{ 0 } \right) \)
Magnification \(=\frac { { h }_{ i } }{ { h }_{ 0 } }\)
1. Real image is negative sign.
2. Virtual image is positive sign
 

The effects of consuming adultered food:
i) Headache.
ii) Stomach disorder.
iii) Major health problems
iv) Liver problem

The data processing in a computer is collecting data and converting it into information according to our needs and requirements.

Data is the set of values of qualitative and quantitative variables. The data that is fed to the computer can be text, number or statistics. These data stored in computer memory cannot be used directly. It has to be processed.
Information The information we get or obtain or receive using the data from the computer can be used directly.

When two elements A and B combine together to form more than one compound, the masses of A which separately combines with the fixed mass of B are in simple ratio. This law was proposed by John Dalton.

When an object moves with constant speed along a circular path the motion is called uniform circular motion.
Examples:
I . Revolution of earth around the sun.
2. Revolution of moon around the earth.

If final velocity is less than initial velocity, the velocity decreases with time and the value of acceleration is negative. It is called negative acceleration.

First separate the iron filings by magnetic separation and then napthalene separated by sublimation method. After separated saw dust retain the china dish.

After the filteration of a solution the liquid that collected is called filtrate.
In the process of fractional distillation the clear liquid collected is called distillate.

The value is one smallest main scale division is divided by total number of vernier scale division is called the least count of vernier caliper.
\( \text { Least count } =\frac{\text { The value of one smallest main scale division }}{\text { Totalnumber of vernier scale division }}\)
\( \\ \text { L.C } =\frac{1 \mathrm{~mm}}{10}=0.1 \mathrm{~mm}=0.01 \mathrm{~cm}\)

1. The units named after scientists are not written with a capital intial letter.
Ex: newton, henry, ampere and watt
2. The symbols of units named after scientists should be written by the initial capital letter.
Ex: N for newton, H for henry, A for ampere and W for watt.
3. Small letters are used as symbols for units not derived from a proper noun.
Ex: m for metre, kg for kilogram
4. No full stop or other punctuation marks should be used within or at the end of the symbols.
Ex: 50 m and not as 50 m.
5. The symbols of the units are not expressed in plural form.
Ex: 10 kg not as 10 kgs.
6. Accepted symbols should only be used.
Ex: ampere should not be written as amp and second should not be written as sec.

Urine analysis is used to detect and manage a wide range of disorder such as urinay tract infections, kidney disease and diabetes. Abnormal condition results may point to a disease or illness. So to identify the nature of urine to protect themselves, urine analysis is done. It is an important part of medical diagnosis.

1. Name of the product.
2. Manufacture details.
3. Contents or ingredients
4. Maximum retail price.
5. Date of manufacture.
6. Date of expiry.
7. Standardized marks like ISI, AGMARK, FPO.

Velocity of sound = 340 ms^-1
Height of tower = 750 m
Total distance travelled = 2 x 750: 1500 m
\(Valocity=\frac {distance}{time}\) 
\(340=\frac {1500}{time}\) 
\(time=\frac {1500}{340}=4.4s\)
After 4.4 s, the splash is heard.

Density of water = 1g cm^-3
Density in SI unit = ?
1g = 1000 kg/m³
1 cm³ = 1 x 10^-6m³
1 g / cm3 = \(= \frac{10^-3}{10^-6}\)= 1000 kg/m³
In SI unit density of water is 1000 kg/m³.