1. Use and throwaway plastics cause short and long term environmental damage.
2. Half of all the plastic items made today is used for throwaway plastic items.
3. They block drains and pollute water bodies .
4. One-time use plastic causes health problems for humans, plants and animals.
5. If these items are thrown away they can stay in our environment for over 1000 years causing plastic pollution for future generations.
6. Some examples are plastic carry bags, cups, plates, straws, water pouches etc.

In carbon monoxide, the electron pairs of oxygen gets delocalized between C and O. So without another oxygen atom, the structure becomes stable as oxygen shares its lone pair with carbon.

i) Thus in carbon monoxide, one electron of tetravalent carbon forms sigma and other electron forms pi bond with oxygen.
ii) Then one lone pair of oxygen is shared between C and O, so that C has complete octet.
iii) Thus two unbonded electrons of C are available, so valency is 2.
Thus valency of carbon in CO is 2.

1. Covalent bonding is the sharing of electron between atoms. This type of bonding occurs between two atoms of the same element.
2. To form Ionic compounds carbon must gain four electrons forming C^4- anions but it would be difficult for its nucleus with six protons to hold onto ten electrons .
3. It could lose four electrons to form C⁴⁺ cations, but it would require a large amount of energy to remove four electrons .
4. These two conditions are highly unfavourable. Therefore carbon molecules share their four valence electrons through single, double, and triple bonds so that each atom can achieve noble gas configuration.

Oxidation: (Reaction with oxygen)
Carbon combines with oxygen to form its oxides like carbon monoxide (CO) and carbon dioxide (CO₂) with evolution of heat.
Organic carbon compounds like hydrocarbon also undergo oxidation to form oxides and steam with evolution of heat and flame. This is otherwise called combustion.
2C_(s)+ O_2(g) ➝ 2CO_(g) + heat
C_(s)+ O_2(g) ➝ CO_2(g) + heat
CH_4(s)+ 2O_2(g) ➝ CO_2(g) + 2H₂O_(g) + heat
Reaction with steam:
Carbon reacts with steam to form carbon monoxide and hydrogen. This mixture is called water gas.
C_(s) + H₂O_(g) ➝ CO_(g) + H_2(g)
Reaction with sulphur:
With sulphur, carbon forms its disulphide at high temperature
C_(s) + S_(g) ➝ CS_2(g)
Reaction with metals :
At elevated temperatures, carbon reacts with some metals like iron, tungsten, Titanium, etc to form their carbides. Tungsten+Carbon➝Tungsten carbide
W + C ➝ WC

1. Catenation is binding of an element to itself or with other elements through covalent bonds to form open chain or closed chain compounds.
2. Carbon is the most common element which undergoes catenation and forms long chain compounds.
3. Carbon atoms link repeatedly to itself through covalent bond to form linear chain, branched chain or ring structure.

4. This property of carbon itself is the reason for the presence of large number of organic carbon compounds.
5. Ex: Starch, Cellulose contain chains of hundreds of carbon atoms.
6. Plastic we use in our daily life are macromolecules of catenated carbon compounds.

Yugaa can buy resin code 5 plastic bottle because it is considered to be one of the safer plastics. It is flexible and also soft but strong. So Yugaa should choose the bottle, with code 5.

1. Burning of PVC releases dioxins.
2. Polyvinyl plastic is harmful to humans.
3. It has metals like cadmium and lead. These metals are one of the most toxic chemicals. So, it affects humans.

All the materials are burned by the help of oxygen. The carbon content is less in the less aerated room. So the carbon fuel is added to the atmosphere due to incomplete combustion of fuels, it forms carbon monoxide. It will affect our health. So carbon fuel burnt in less aerated room is dangerous.

1. In the Biosphere all the living things are made up of carbon compounds.
2. All the fossil fuels are also made up of carbon like hydro carbon.
3. In biogeochemical cycle carbon is exchanged among biosphere, geosphere; hydrosphere and atmosphere of the Earth.
4. It is the main compound of nitrogen cycle, water cycle. So, it is mostly in combined state.