1. The science that involves the study and analysis of human body prints is known as Biometrics.
2. This system compares the body prints to the specimen data stored in the system to verify the identify of a person.

1. Echo, which is used to find the distance between the two distant objects.
2. Sound navigation and ranging (SONAR) which is used to find the depth of the Ocean.

Fish liver oil are of great medicinal value and are rich in vitamin A, D and E.
Liver oil of cod, Tuna, Halibut and shark, yield these oils.

1. Yes, Chicken pox would not occur again for sanjay .
2. Because, once it occured, his body will derive immunity against that disease .
3. This kind of immunity is developed by our body, during the first infection of chicken pox pathogen .
4. The antibodies produced in the blood remain for a long period and kill the simile pathogens, whenever they enter the body.

Major human activities affecting the water cyclic on land are urbanisation dumping of plastic waste on land and into water, polluting water bodies and deforestation.

The layer of the air around the earth upto certain height of about 300 km, is called as the atmosphere of the earth. Since air occupies space and has weight, it also exerts pressure. This pressure is called atmospheric pressure.

Acids present in plants and animals (living things) are organic acids.
Example: HCOOH, CH₃COOH

The testes apart form producing sperms also produces male sex hormone called testosterone. Similarly the ovary apart from producing the ovum also produces the female sex hormone called oestrogen. Hence the gonads are also considered as endocrine glands.

Ionic compounds are formed because of the strong electrostatic force between cations and anions which are arranged in a well-defined geometrical pattern. Thus ionic compounds are crystalline solids at room temperature

No, if two magnetic lines of force intersect then there will be two tangents and hence two directions of the magnetic field at the point of intersection. This is not possible.

There are two types of monitor namerly.
(i) Cathode Ray Tube monitors (CRT)
(ii) Thin Film Transistor Monitors (TFT)

(i) Complex tissues are made of more than one type of cells that work together as a unit.
(ii) Complex tissues consist of parenchyma and sclerenchyma cells. However, collenchymatous cells are not present in such tissues. Common examples are xylem and phloem.

1. The tendency of atoms to have eight electrons in the valence shell is known as the 'Octet rule' or the 'Rule of eight'.
2. For example, Sodium with atomic number 11 will readily loose one electron to attain Neon's stable electronic configuration.

(i) Elements with large difference in properties were included in the same group.
Eg: Hard metals like copper (Cu) and silver (Ag) were included along with soft metals like sodium (Na) and potassium (K).
(ii) No proper position could be given to the element hydrogen. Non-metallic hydrogen was placed along with metals like lithium (Li), sodium (Na) and potassium (K).
(iii) The increasing order of atomic mass was not strictly followed throughout.
Eg: Co & Ni, Te & I.
(iv) No place for isotopes in the periodic table.

Atoms of different elements with different atomic numbers and different mass numbers, but with the same number of neutrons are called isotones.
Example : Atomic number of Boron is 5, atomic number of carbon is 6. But Boron and Carbon has the same number of neutrons that is 6.

Pasterurization is a process of food preservation, which involves boiling of milk to a temperature of 63°C for about 30 minutes and suddenly cooling to destroy the microbes present in the milk.

No unit for refractive index.

Mass m = 5 kg
Acceleration due to gravity g = 9.8 ms^-1
Weight W = m x g = 5 x 9.8 = 49 N
Therefore the weight of an object is 49 N

Aquatic habits of amphibians:
1. The larva of amphibians (tadpole) lives in water and breathes with gills.
2. External fertilization occurs in frog with water as a medium of fertilization.
3. The adult frog has webbed feet to swim in water
4. The skin is moist and glandular which helps in Respiration.
Terrestial habits of amphibians:
1. The adult live on land and breathe through lungs. Bucco-Pharynx also helps in respiration.
2. The fore limbs are short and help to hop on land.

The data processing in a computer is collecting data and converting it into information according to our needs and requirements.

Speed is constant. The direction of motion is changed at every point. Velocity also changes continuously.

CH_4(g) +2O_2(g) → CO_2(g) +2H₂O_(g)
1             2           1              2
volume volumes  volumes volumes
1x           2x          1x          2x
50cm³ 50cm³  50cm³    50cm³
50cm³ 100cm³ 50cm³ 100cm³ 
Volume of oxygen used = 100 cm³
Volume of carbondioxide formed = 50 cm³ 

It is an element.

A body moving in an orbit around a planet is called Satellite.
They are two types.
i) Man made or Artificial Satellites
ii) Natural Satellites.

Treatment of certain diseases by destroying the invading organism without damaging the cells of the host, by the use of certain organic compounds is known as Chemotherapy. It is widely used for treating cancer.

Friedrich Wohler

Na₂CO₃+2HCl ⟶ 2NaCl+H₂O+CO₂↑

Child birth is called parturition

Every eighth element had properties similar to those of the first element like the eighth note in an octave of music is similar to the first.

A current carrying conductor is always associated with a magnetic field around it is called the magnetic effect of current. It was first discovered by Hans Christian Oersted in 1820

During pachytene of Mieotic prophase I, the chromatids break and the broken segments are interchanged between homologous chromosomes. The points of exchange are the chiasmata. This is called crossing over

Water is used as a coolant in car radiators because it has high specific heat capacity. As a result, it can absorb large amounts of heat from the car engine without any substantial increase in its temperature.

Yes.

A reaction where two or more substances combine to form a single substance.

The main difference between the generations is the speed and efficiency of the computer. On the basis of performance and speed, the generations of the computer was categorised.

Air is a mixture, because samples from different places give different percentage of its components.

Three

The perpendicular line joining the pole and the centre of curvature of the mirror.

A convex mirror is a spherical mirror whose reflecting surface is curved outward.

A spin dryer removes excess water from clothing by rotating a perforated drum at high speed. The water is thrown out through the holes. The clothes keep moving in a circle because the contact force of the drum provides centripetal force.

Acceleration is the rate of change of velocity or it is the change of velocity in unit time.

(i) tera
(ii) 10³
(iii) P
(iv) giga
(v) G

Correct reading = 3.55 cms.

Taxonomy is the theoretical study of classification including its basic principles, procedures and rules.

At infinity.

Moon flower (or) Ipomoea alba shows photonasty just opposite to that of Dandelion.

The elements in the increasing order of atomic no.
Helium, Boron, Oxygen, Neon, Sodium, Magnesium, Calcium, Silicon, Sulphur.

Celsius = (F – 32) × \(\frac{5}{9}\)= (104 - 32) ×\(\frac{5}{9}\) = 72 × \(\frac{5}{9}\) = 40°C.

1. Solidifies
2. Solid.
3. Solid.
4. Liquid.
5. Melting.
6. Freezing.
7. Liquation.
8. Liquid.
9. Boiling.
10. Liquified vaporisation.
11. Lliquid vapour, gas.
12. Condensation

1. Nano particles are unstable when they contact with oxygen .
2. Their exothermic combustion with oxygen can easily cause explosion .
3. Because nanoparticles are highly reactive, they inherently interact with impurities as well.
4. Nanoparticles are usually considered biologically harmful and toxic .
5. It is difficult to synthesis, isolate and apply them .
6. There are no hard-and-fast safe disposal policies for nanomaterials.

1. Ultrasound is used in cleaning technology. Minute foreign particles can be removed from objects placed in a liquid bath through which ultrasound is passed.
2. Ultrasounds can also be used to detect cracks and flaws in metal blocks.
3. Ultrasonic waves are used to get images of the heart by the technique called as Echo 'cardiography'
4. Ultrasound is employed to break 'small stones' formed in the kidney into fine grains.
5. Animals such as bats and dolphins use ultrasound to navigate and communicate.
6. SONAR is a device uses ultrasonic waves to measure the distance, direction and speed of the underwater objects.

a) Mass of the ball m = 44g
Volume of water displaced = 40cm³
Density of the ball when it is completely submerged = \(\frac {mass}{volume}\)
= \(\frac {44}{40}\) = 1.1 g/cm²
Density = 1.1 g/cm³.
b) The density of tin is higher than that of water, so the sheet of tin sinks in water But when the same sheet of tin is converted into boat or box, a lot of air is trapped in the boat or box. Then the average density of boat or box, made of tin sheet, becomes lower than that of water, therefore it floats in water.

The equivalent circuit diagram of the given network is as shown is the figure.

\(\cfrac { 1 }{ { R }_{ 1 } } =\cfrac { 1 }{ 2R } +\cfrac { 1 }{ R } \)
\(\cfrac { 1+2 }{ R } =\cfrac { 3 }{ 2R } \)
\({ R }^{ 1 }=\cfrac { 2R }{ 3 } \)
The effective resistance between A and B is
R¹¹ = R + R¹ + R
\(R+\cfrac { 2R }{ 3 } +R=\cfrac { 8R }{ 3 } \)

(a) Monoacidic Base:
It is a base that ionises in water to give one hydroxide ion per molecule.
Example: NaOH, KOH
(b) Diacidic Base:
It is a base that ionises in water to give two hydroxide ions per molecule.
Example: Ca(OH)₂, Mg(OH)₂
(c) Triacidic Base:
It is a base that ionises in water to give three hydroxide ions per molecule.
Example: AI(OH)₃, Fe(OH)₃

(i) It is the largest digestive gland of the body which is reddish brown in colour.
(ii) It is divided into two main lobes, right and left lobes. The right lobe is larger than the left lobe.
(iii) On the under surface of the liver, gall bladder is present. The liver cells secrete bile which is temporarily stored in the gall bladder.
(iv) Bile is released into small intestine when food enters in it. It has bile salts (sodium glycolate and sodium tauraglycolate) and bile pigments (bilirubin and biliviridin).
(v) Bile salts help in the digestion of fats by bringing about their emulsification (conversion of large fat droplets into small ones).

(i) The table is based on a more fundamental property i.e., atomic number.
(ii) It correlates the position of the element with its electronic configuration more clearly.
(iii) The completion of each period is more logical. In a period, as the atomic number increases, the energy shells are gradually filled up until an inert gas configuration is reached.
(iv) It is easy to remember and reproduce.
(v) Each group is an independent group and the idea of subgroups has been discarded.
(vi) One position for all isotopes of an element is justified, since the isotopes have the same atomic number.
(vii) The position of the eighth group (in Mendeleev's table) is also justified in this table. All transition elements have been brought in the middle as the properties of transition elements are intermediate between left portion and right portion elements of the periodic table.
(viii) The table completely separates metals from nonmetals. The nonmetals are present in upper right corners of the periodic table.
(ix) The positions of certain elements which were earlier misfit (interchanged) in the Mendeleev's periodic table are now justified because it is based on atomic number of the elements.
(x) Justification has been offered for placing lanthanides and actinides at the bottom of the periodic table.

(i) An alternating current (AC) generator, consists of a rotating rectangular coil ABCD called armature placed between the two poles of a permanent magnet.
(ii) The two ends of this coil are connected to the two slip rings S₁ and S_2. The inner sides of these rings are insulated.
(iii) Two conducting stationary brushes B₁ and B₂ are kept separately on the rings S₁ and S₂ respectively. The two rings S₁ and S₂ are internally attached to an axle.
(iv) The axle may be mechanically rotated from outside to rotate the coil inside the magnetic field. Outer ends of the two brushes are connected to the external circuit

(v) When the coil is rotated, the magnetic flux linked with the coil changes. This change in magnetic flux will lead to generation of induced current.
(vi) The direction of the induced current, as given by Fleming's Right Hand Rule, is along ABCD in the coil and in the outer circuit it flows from B₂ to B₁.
(vii) During the second half of rotation, the direction of current is along DCBA in the coil and in the outer circuit it flows from B₁ to B₂
(viii) As the rotation of the coil continues, the induced current in the external circuit is changing its direction for every half a rotation of the coil

Phloem like xylem is a complex tissue and consists of the following elements.
(i) Sieve elements
(ii) Companion cells.
(iii) Phloem fibres
(iv) Phloem parenchyma
(i) Sieve elements

1. The conducting elements of phloem are collectively called as Sieve elements.
2. They may be segregated into less specialised SIeve cells and more specialised sieve tube elements.
3. Sieve tubes are elongated, tube-like slender cells placed end to end. The transverse walls at the ends are perforated and are known as sieve plates.
4. The main function of sieve tubes is translocation of food, from leaves to the storage organs of the plants.
ii.Companion cells
These are elongated cells attached to the lateral wall of the sieve tubes. A companion cell may be equal in length to the accompanying sieve tube element or the mother cell may tissue be divided transversely forming a series of companion cells
iii.Phloem parenchyma
The phloem parenchyma are living cells which have cytoplasm and nucleus. Their function is to store food materials.
iv.Phloem
fibers Sclerenchymatous cells associated with primary and secondary phloem are commonly called phloem fibers. These cells are elongated, lignified and provide mechanical strength to the plant body.

(1) 100⁰F to ⁰C
T(⁰C) = (T(⁰F)- 32) / 1.8
= (100⁰F - 32) / 1.8
T(⁰C) = 37.7⁰C
(2) 40⁰C to Fahrenheit (⁰F)
T(⁰F) = (T(⁰C) x 1.8) + 32
= 40⁰C x 1.8 + 32
= 72 + 32
T(⁰F) = 104⁰F
(3) 35⁰C to Kelvin
(T_K) = (T_0c)+ 273.15
= 35 + 273.15
(T_K) = 308.15 K
(4) 80⁰K to ⁰C
(T_0c) = (T_K) - 273.15
(T_0c) = 80 - 273.15
(T_0C) = -193.15⁰C

Weight of Lead oxide (A) = 100.00g
Weight of Oxygen = 7.143g
Weight of Lead (A) = 92.857 g 
Weight of Lead Oxide (B) = 100.000 g
Weight of Oxygen = 10.345 g
Weight of Lead (B) = 89.655 g
Weight of Lead Oxide (C) = 100.000 g
Weight of Oxygen = 13.133 g
Weight of Lead (C) = 86.867 g
Pb(A) :    0 Pb(B) : 0           Pb(C) = 0
92.857: 7.143 89.66 : 10.34 86.867 : 13.133
92.857 g of lead (A) requires = 7.143 g of oxygen
100 g of lead requires = \(100\times7.143\over 89.66\)
= 7.6924 g
89.66 g of lead (B) requires = 10.34 g of oxygen
100 g of lead requires = \(100\times10.34\over 89.66\)
= 13.133 g
86.867 g of lead (C) requires = 13.133 g of oxygen
100 g of lead requires = \({100\times13.133\over 86.867}=15.345g\)
Ratio between the three
7.6924 : 13.133 : 15.345
7.6924 : 13.133  :13.133
^{_______    _______   _____}
1 : 1.499 : 1.99
1 : 1.5 : 2
2 : 3 : 4
The fixed weight of lead combines with oxygen in the ratio of 2 : 3 : 4
So this obeyed the law of multiple proportions.

Mineral nutrients:
(i) A mineral is a chemical element required as an essential nutrient by organisms to perform various functions necessary for life.
(ii) Minerals originate in the earth and cannot be made by living organisms.
(iii) Minerals are very important to maintain the physiological processes in our body.
(iv) They are the constituents of teeth, bones, tissues, blood, muscle and nerve cells.
(v) The five major minerals in the human body are calcium, phosphorus, potassium, sodium and magnesium.
(vi) All of the remaining elements in the human body are called "trace elements", such as sulfur, iron, chlorine, cobalt, copper, zinc, manganese, molybdenum, iodine and selenium.

\(Refractive\ index\ of\ kerosene=\frac { Velocity\ of\ light\ in\ air }{ Velocity\ of\ light\ in\ kerosene } \\ \mu =\frac { { C }_{ air } }{ C_{ kerosene } } =\frac { { C }_{ 4 } }{ { C }_{ k } } \\ 1.41=\frac { 3\times { 10 }^{ 8 } }{ { C }_{ k } } \\ { C }_{ k }=\frac { 3{ \times 10 }^{ 8 } }{ 1.41 } =2.1\times { 10 }^{ 8 }m/s\\ Velocity\ of\ light\ in\ kerosene=2.1\times { 10 }^{ 8 }\ m/s\)

1. The constituents of a mixture retain their individual properties.
2. A mixture can be prepared by mixing the constituents in any proportion.
3. Formation of mixtures does not involve any exchange of energy.
4. Mixtures do not have any characteristic set of properties.
5. Components of a mixture can be separated by physical methods.

(i) The first step in using the Vernier caliper is to find out its least count, range and zero error.
(ii) \(Least\ count\ of\ the\ instrument(LC)=\frac{Value\ of\ one\ smallest\ main\ scale\ division}{Total\ number\ of\ vernier\ scale\ division}\)
The main scale division can easily be obtained by inspecting the main scale. It will be in centimeter, further divided into millimetre. The value of the smallest, main scale division is 1 mm. The Vernier scale division is obtained by counting number of division in it. In the Vernier scale there will be 10 divisions.
\(LC=\frac{1mm}{10}=0.1\ mm\)
(iii) Unscrew the slider and move it to the left, such that both the jaws touch each other.
(iv) If they are not coinciding with each other, the instrument is said to posses zero error. Zero error may be positive or negative. If the zero mark of the Vernier is shifted to the right, it is called negative error. On the other hand, if the Vernier zero is shifted to the left of the main scale zero marking, then the error is positive.
(v) Once you are able to calculate the zero error, you can get the correct reading using the formula:
The correct reading = Main scale reading + (VC x LC) - (Zero correction)
(vi) We can use Vernier caliper to find different dimensions of any familiar object.

Generations of Computer:

Materials required: Glass trough, sand, flower pot, plugged at the bottom, pea or bean seeds and water.
Procedure:
1. A glass trough is taken and is filled with sand. A flower pot containing water, plugged at the bottom is kept at the centre of the glass trough.
2. Soaked pea or bean seeds are placed around the pot in the sand, what do we observe after 6 or 7 days?
Observation: It will be observed that radicle has grown towards the pot and moisture instead of growing vertically downward.
Inference: It proves that primary root is positively hydrotropic.

Acceleration (a) =4 m / s
Time (t) =10 second
distance (s) =  ?
Initial velocity = 0
According to second equation of motion
\(s =u t+1 / 2 a t^{2}  \)
\(=0+1 / 2 \times 4 \times(10)^{2}  \)
\(=0+\frac{1}{\not 2} \times \not4^{2} \times 100 \)
= 0 + 200 
= 200
Distance covers = 200 m.

(a) To prove that sunlight is essential for photosynthesis.
(b) To destarch the plant.
(c) By Iodine test
(d) CO₂, H₂O and Chlorophyll

(a) Pasteurization
(b) Milk
(c) 63°C for 30 minutes followed by sudden cooling.

No, its terminals are not constant because it is the source of direct current. The dc is due to the unidirectional flow of electric charges. In electrical circuits electrons move from lower to higher electrical potential. So battery is used to maintain a potential difference between the two ends.