The major reasons of road accident are
i) Negligence in driving
ii) Drunk and drive
iii) Overlooking the other vehicles
iv) High speed
v) Improper driving training and
vi) Non-stop long driving

(i) Small and marginal farmers in Tamil Nadu will be benefited from FPOs.
(ii) Each of the producers' groups have been given an investment grant of Rs. 5 lakh to purchase farm equipment.
(iii) Apart from using the equipment within the group, these can also be rented out to other farmers.
(iv) The government also has a contract farming policy.

Man made pollutants refer to vehicular emission, industrial wastes, smoke from thermal power plants and refineries badly affects the environment.

(i) By the end of the nineteenth century, France had became prominent for its automobiles.
(ii) In 1898 Louis Renault built the quadricycle. He began to produce in large quantities under his company the Societe Renault Freres (Company Renault Brothers).

In Tamil Nadu there are 12 Corporations. They are,
a) Chennai
b) Kovai
c) Madurai
d) Trichy
e) Tirunelveli
f) Salem
g) Erode
h) Vellore
i) Tuticorin
j) Tirupur
k) Tanjore
l) Dindigul.

(i) Of the total migrants who go to foreign countries, nearly 20% have chosen to go to Singapore.
(ii) 18 % have gone to United Arab Emirates.
(iii) 16 % to Saudi Arabia.
(iv) 13 % to United States of America.
(v) Malaysia, Kuwait, Oman, Quatar, Australia and England are also refered as important destinations for migrants from Tamil Nadu, in 2015

Leather, beads, shells, tobacco, salt, com, cattle and even slaves were exchanged as barter.

(i) An ecosystem is a community, where all living organisms live and interact with one another and also with their non-living environment such as land, soil, air, water etc.
(ii) Ecosystems range in size from the smallest units (Eg: bark of a tree) that can sustain life to the global ecosystem or ecosphere. (Eg: Cropland, Pond ecosystem, Forest ecosystem, Desert ecosystem etc.).
(iii) Biosphere harbours all ecosystems on the earth and sustains life forms including mankind.

Hydrosphere consists of water in various forms found on the earth. It is held on land as glaciers, ice caps, ground water, river, lakes and also as the water vapour in air.

(i) Vijayanagar kingdom was established by - Harihara and Bukka (the two brothers).
(ii) This empire was ruled by Sangama dynasty, Saluva dynasty and the Tuluva dynasty.

(i) A valley is made deeper by a stream of water (or) a river as it flows from the high land.
(ii) The valleys are either 'U' shaped or 'V' shaped.
(iii) The glacier debris get deposited in the low lying areas. So glaciers do not form deep narrow valleys.

(i) The internal processes generate heat and eject materials from deep below the Earth's crust.
(ii) Internal radio activity in the principal source of power for this process.

Among the political powers of the Sangam Age, the Cheras, the Cholas and the Pandyas occupied pre-eminent positions. They were known as Muvendhar (the three kings). The muvendhar controlled the major towns and ports of the Sangam period.

(i) The lithic tool - making tradition of the Levalloisian belonged to this period.
(ii) Levalloisian tools are the implements made after preparing the core.
(iii) These tools are found in Europe and Central and Western Asia.
(iv) The Levalloisian tools are the implements made after preparing the core. It was named after the town of Levallois in France.

1. The Numerous sculpture, paintings and carvings attest to the artistic skills of Egyptians.
2. Their writing is also a form of art.
3. Giza pyramids are considered to be one of the wonders of the world.
4. These monuments display the engineering, architectural and human resource management skills of the Egyptians.

Rules to Ensure Road Safety for chlldren
It is impportant for children to know about road safety rules and regulatioins. Here are a few
basic road safety rules for children.
i) Know Your Signals
ii) Stop, Look and Cross
iii) Pay Attention - Listen
iv) Don't Run on Roads
v) Always Use Sidewalks
vi) Never Stick Hands outside the Vehicle
vii) Never cross Road at Bends
viii) Don't Rush.

(i) Micro irrigation technology is a very good remedial to tackle shortage in irrigational water.
(ii) This irrigation technology helps to have a higher yield when compared to the traditional irrigational methods.
(iii) As only required amount of water is supplied at regular intervals, it increases the ability of water usage and productivity of the crop resulting in reduction of labour expenses and weed growth in the field.
(iv) The government has taken many measures to implement micro irrigation for proper distribution of water to crops that require more water.

(i) The modem technology applied to extract oil and gas while fracturing the rocks artificially with the use of pressurized liquid is called fracking.
(ii) Fracking fluid is a mixture of water, sand and thickening agents.
(iii) The first successful implementation of the process was done in 1950.
(iv) Methane is one of the most important chemicals used in fracking process.
(v) It is estimated that four percent of methane escapes into the atmosphere during extraction.
(vi) Methane is 25 times stronger than carbon di-oxide in terms of trapping heat.
(vii) The spills of this gas is detrimental to the air quality of the surrounding fracking sites
(viii) Pollutants decrease the availability of clean air for workers and local residents

1. A shift from manual labour based to more technical and machine based manufacturing industry marked the industrial revolution in the United States.
2. Samuel Slater a citizen of England having worked at a cotton mill from the age of 10 had gained enough experience to operate a mill.
3. On learning that Americans were interested in the new techniques, Slater departed for New York in 1789 illegally Slater offered his service to Moses Brown, who had earlier made an unsuccessful attempt to operate a mill.
4. Brown agreed and in consequence the mill became operational in 1793 being the first water-powered roller spinning textile mill in America.
5. By 1800, Slater's mill had been duplicated by many other intrepreneurs as Slater grew wealthier and his techniques became more and more popular.
6. Andrew Jackson the U.S. President hailed him as Father of the American Industrial revolution.
7. In the Nineteenth Century America began to show technological innovation.
8. Robert Fulton established the steam boat service on the Hudsen river.
9. Samuel E.B Morses invented the telegraph and Elias Howe inverted the sewing machine. This was the main cause for the industrialisation.
10. In 1869 the first transcontinental rail road was completed to transport people, raw materials and products.
11. The invention of electric bulb of Thomas Alva Edison and telephone by Alexander Graham Bell changed the world beyond recognition.

Salient features of the 73m and 74th Constitutional Amendment Act (1992)
(i) Panchayats and Municipalities will be "Institutions of Self Government".
(ii) Basic Units of Democratic System - Grama Sabhas (Villages) and Ward Committees (Municipalities) comprising all the adult members registered.
(iii) Three tier system of panchayats at village, intermediate block/taluk/mandal and district levels. Smaller states with population below 2 million only two tiers.
(iv) Seats at all levels filled by direct election.
(v) Seats reserved for SCs and STs at all levels in proportionon to their population.
(vi) One third of the total number of seats-reserved for women. One third of the seats reserved for SCs and STs also reserved for women. One third officers of Chair persons at all levels reserved for women.
(vii) Uniform five year term and election to constitute new bodies to be completed before the expiry of the term. In the event of dissolution, elections compulsorily within six months.

(i) In Tamil Nadu the study reveals that in 2015 about 7% were illiterates, 30% had completed schooling ie class 10;10% had completed class 12, 15% had under gone vocational training. 11% were graduates, 12% were professionally qualified and 11% were postgraduates.
(ii) The study clearly reveals various occupation undertaken by migrants which refers to highly skilled occupation on the one hand and low skilled occupation on the other with large number of semi-skilled occupations in between.

Presidential form of government
(i) The American President is both the head of the state and the head of government. As the head of state, he occupies a ceremonial position.
(ii) The president is elected by an electoral college for a fixed tenure of four years.
(iii) He governs with the help of a cabinet or a smaller body called' Kitchen Cabinet' . It is only an advisory body.
(iv) The President and his secretaries are not responsible to the Congress for their acts.
(v) The legislative, executive and judicial powers of the government are separated.
(vi) It is also known as non-responsible or non-parliamentary or fixed executive system of government.
Difference between Presidential and Parliamentary form of government

(i) The relationship between money and price is connected with the Monetary policy.
(ii) There is a close relationship between the growth of money supply and inflation.
(iii) Price controls play a very important role in a country's economic stability.
(iv) This role is played by RBI.
(v) Currency is the medium of exchange in a country.
(vi) The Indian currency is called the Indian Rupee (INR).
(vii) In a country the foreign currency is called foreign exchange.
(viii)Purchasing capacity of all currencies in the world are compared using the US dollar as the standard currency.
(ix) This value differs from country to country.
(x) Most of the international trade transactions are carried out in US dollar

(i) The Ming Empire, which replaced the Mongol empire, consciously discouraged industry and foreign trade in order to concentrate on agriculture.
(ii) This resulted in China lagging behind in the 16th century. Other parts of Eurasia, building on the techniques of the Chinese, began to march ahead.

(i) The ltalian humanist Petrarch's Canzoniere, German theologian Martin Luther's Ninety-five theses and Portugal Prince Henry's Navigation School heralded the dawn of the modern era.
(ii) The Holy Roman Empire and the Roman Church became weak and discredited.
(iii) In their place nation states, new Churches that emphasized individual faith, and a commercial revolution based on mercantilism emerged.
(iv) The modern era was characterized by freedom of thought, individualism, rationalism, and economic and scientific progress.
(v) The changes ushered in were the Renaissance, Reformation and Geographical Discoveries.

Mobilising people towards socially productive activities that lead to the overall betterment of people's lives is essential. Sometimes earthquakes, tsunamis, floods and other such natural disasters on a massive scale occur and people's immediate mobilisation for evacuation and emergency relief becomes most essential.
Democratic Participation: Democracy can succeed only when smaller local groups and, in fact, every citizen can take action that supports the tax and revenue collection systems, observance of national norms in environmental protection, cleanliness, health and hygiene, sanitary drives and immunisation programmes like pulse polio. However, we must keep in mind that there is no better form of government than Democratic government. To create a better society and nation, the people of India along with the union and state governments should come together to fight against the miseries of human life.

(i) The culture that domesticated animals and cultivated crops is called Neolithic.
(ii) It is known as the New Stone Age. The Neolithic people used polished stone axes called celts.
(iii) Cattle rearing was their main occupation. They lived in small villages with houses made of thatched roof and walls plastered with clay.
(iv) Evidence of Neolithic village is found at Payyampalli in Vellore district and a few sites in the Dharmapuri region.
(v) Payyampalli is a village in Vellore district of Tamil Nadu. The earliest evidence for the domestication of animals and cultivation of plants is found at this site, which was excavated by the Archaeological Survey of India.
(vi) Evidence for pottery making and cultivation of horse gram and green gram has been found in this village.
(vii) These Neolithic sites were part of the Southern Neolithic Culture of India. They are mainly concentrated in the Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka regions.
(viii) The Neolithic people used stone axes fitted on a wooden handle .
(ix) These polished stone axes are worshipped in many village temples of Tamil Nadu even today.

(i) Empowerment of the poor and illiterates to enjoy the goodness of democracy.
(ii) Willingness among the elected people not to misuse their powerful position and public wealth.
(iii) Eradication of social evils and dangers from which democracy suffers.
(iv) An impartial and efficient press to form public opinion.
(v) Presence of strong public opinion.
(vi) Feeling of tolerance and communal harmony among the people.
(vii) Awareness among the people of the fundamental rights that they are entitled to enjoy.
(viii) Conscious check and vigilance on the working of the elected representatives.
(ix) Powerful and responsible opposition

Federal features of Indian Constitution are,
(1) Dual Government
(2) Written constitution
(3) Division of Powers
(4) Supremacy of the Constitution
(5) The constitution is the supreme law of the land. The laws enacted by the Centre and the states must confirm to its provisions.
(6) Rigid Constitution
(7) Independent Judiciary
(8) Bicameralism

(i) You should find out if your home, school, workplace, or other frequently visited locations are in tsunami hazard areas along sea-shore.
(ii) Plan evacuation routes from your home, school, workplace, or any other place you could be where tsunamis poses a risk.
(iii) Use a Weather Radio or stay tuned to a local radio or television station to keep informed of local watches and warnings.
(iv) Discuss tsunamis with your family. Everyone should know what to do in a tsunami situation.
(v) Discussing tsunamis ahead of time will help reduce fear and save precious time in an emergency.
(vi) Review flood safety and preparedness measures with your family.