The direct consequences of Accidents are
i) Fatality (Death) ii) Injury  iii) Damage to Property

(i) Tamil Nadu has the highest GDP in India according to 2017
(ii) Tamil Nadu tops in food grain production in 2015 - 2016 Prime Minister presented the Krishi Karman award to Tamil Nadu.
(iii) Mettur dam has the highest storage of water in Tamilnadu for agricultural Purpose.

(i) Things used for domestic purposes can be reused and recycled.
(ii) Organic waste matter should be disposed off far away from the settlements.
(iii) Inorganic wastes can be separated, reclaimed and recycled.

(i) Expansion of trade.
(ii) The Production of more food.
(iii) Emergence of factory workers as a new class.
(iv) Development in transport and communication.

(i) Urban local governments are Corporation, Municipality and Town Panchayat
(ii) The area where more than 10,000 people are living is called a Town Panchayat
(iii) Municipalities were constituted in India for the first time in Chennai in 1688
(iv) Municipal Corporation are established in big cities.

The poorer sections of the people migrate for survival but migrants from better off sections migrate to improve their living standards.

(i) A unitary system of government, or unitary state is a sovereign state governed as a single entity.
(ii) The central Government is supreme, and the administrative division exercise only powers that the Central Government has delegated to them.
(iii) Suitable for small countries.
(iv) A unitary government is less expensive.
(v) In this form of Government amendments to the constitution are easy.

(i) Currency is the medium of exchange in a country.
(ii) The Indian currency is called the Indian Rupee.
(iii) In a country the foreign currency is called foreign exchange.
(iv) Purchasing capacity of all currencies in the world are compared using the US dollar as the standard currency.
(v) This value differs from country to country.
(vi) Most of the international trade transactions are carried out in.US dollar.

(i) Terrestrial biomes is a group ofliving organisms that live and interact with one another on land.
(ii) They are mainly determined by temperature and rainfall.
(iii) Some of the major terrestrial biomes of the world are
a. Tropical Forest Biomes
b. Tropical Savanna Biomes
c. Desert Biomes
d. Temperate Grassland Biomes and
e. Tundra Biomes

(i) Of all the movements of the oceans, sea waves are considered to be the strongest.
(ii) Sea waves are ripples on water caused when winds blow over the sea.
(iii) The height of these waves depends on the speed of wind, its duration and the direction from which they blow.
(iv) Sometimes waves are also caused by tremors felt on the ocean floor.
(v) Such waves are quite destructive and called Tsunami

(i) Vijayanagar kingdom was established by - Harihara and Bukka (the two brothers).
(ii) This empire was ruled by Sangama dynasty, Saluva dynasty and the Tuluva dynasty.

The Hydrosphere is the watery part of the Earth's surface including oceans, rivers, lakes and water vapour.

(i) Erythrean sea refers to the waters around the red sea.
(ii) It makes references to the Sangam Age, Ports of Muciri, Thondi, Korkai and Kumari as well as the Cheras and the Pandyas.

While the fossil bones are classified as various species such as Homo habilis, Homo erectus and Neanderthalensis, based on the lithic tools, cultures are assigned names such as Earliest Lithic, Assemblages, Oldowan Technology, Lower, Middle and Upper Palaeolithic and Mesolithic cultures.

1. The Numerous sculpture, paintings and carvings attest to the artistic skills of Egyptians.
2. Their writing is also a form of art.
3. Giza pyramids are considered to be one of the wonders of the world.
4. These monuments display the engineering, architectural and human resource management skills of the Egyptians.

Rules to Ensure Road Safety for chlldren
It is impportant for children to know about road safety rules and regulatioins. Here are a few
basic road safety rules for children.
i) Know Your Signals
ii) Stop, Look and Cross
iii) Pay Attention - Listen
iv) Don't Run on Roads
v) Always Use Sidewalks
vi) Never Stick Hands outside the Vehicle
vii) Never cross Road at Bends
viii) Don't Rush.

(i) Micro irrigation technology is a very good remedial to tackle shortage in irrigational water.
(ii) This irrigation technology helps to have a higher yield when compared to the traditional irrigational methods.
(iii) As only required amount of water is supplied at regular intervals, it increases the ability of water usage and productivity of the crop resulting in reduction of labour expenses and weed growth in the field.
(iv) The government has taken many measures to implement micro irrigation for proper distribution of water to crops that require more water.

(i) Ozone is a poisonous gas made up of molecules consisting of three oxygen atoms (03). This gas is extremely rare in the atmosphere, representing just three out of every 10 million molecules.
(ii) The ozone layer is not really a layer at all, but has become known as such because most ozone particles are scattered between 19 and 30 kilometre up in the earth's atmosphere, in a region called the stratosphere.
(iii) Ozone layer in the atmosphere absorbs most of the harmful ultraviolet radiation from the sun.
(iv) It also screens out the deadly UV-C radiation the ozone shield is this essential to protect life.

1. A shift from manual labour based to more technical and machine based manufacturing industry marked the industrial revolution in the United States.
2. Samuel Slater a citizen of England having worked at a cotton mill from the age of 10 had gained enough experience to operate a mill.
3. On learning that Americans were interested in the new techniques, Slater departed for New York in 1789 illegally Slater offered his service to Moses Brown, who had earlier made an unsuccessful attempt to operate a mill.
4. Brown agreed and in consequence the mill became operational in 1793 being the first water-powered roller spinning textile mill in America.
5. By 1800, Slater's mill had been duplicated by many other intrepreneurs as Slater grew wealthier and his techniques became more and more popular.
6. Andrew Jackson the U.S. President hailed him as Father of the American Industrial revolution.
7. In the Nineteenth Century America began to show technological innovation.
8. Robert Fulton established the steam boat service on the Hudsen river.
9. Samuel E.B Morses invented the telegraph and Elias Howe inverted the sewing machine. This was the main cause for the industrialisation.
10. In 1869 the first transcontinental rail road was completed to transport people, raw materials and products.
11. The invention of electric bulb of Thomas Alva Edison and telephone by Alexander Graham Bell changed the world beyond recognition.

Problems and challenges facing the local self governments.
(i) Local self governments are the crucial basis for our democracy.
(ii) The Constitutional status of local self governments adds more significance to their functioning.
(iii) There are a few critical concerns in the working of local self governments in India.
(iv) Major problems and challenges may be mentioned as below.
1. Lack of clear demarcation of powers and functions of local bodies.
2. Allocation of funds and needs assessment are not matched.
3. Combined with accountability, the local self governments demand for more autonomy and economic freedom may be addressed.
4. Role of caste, class and religion in decision making at the local self governments.
5. Poor accountability of elected members and officials at the grassroots of democracy.

(i) In Tamil Nadu the study reveals that in 2015 about 7% were illiterates, 30% had completed schooling ie class 10;10% had completed class 12, 15% had under gone vocational training. 11% were graduates, 12% were professionally qualified and 11% were postgraduates.
(ii) The study clearly reveals various occupation undertaken by migrants which refers to highly skilled occupation on the one hand and low skilled occupation on the other with large number of semi-skilled occupations in between.

Merits of unitary form of government
(i) Suitable for small countries.
(ii) There is no conflict of authority and responsibility.
(iii) A unitary government will make prompt decisions and take speedy action.
(iv) A unitary government is less expensive.
(v) Amendments to the constitution are easy.
(vi) There is unity, uniformity of law, policy and administration.

(i) Educational loan attempts to meet the educational aspirations of the society.
(ii) A student is the main borrower.
(iii) A parent, spouse or sibling can be the co-applicant.
(iv) It is offered to students who want to pursue higher education in India or overseas.
(v) It can be taken for a full time, part-time or vocational course and Graduation or Post Graduation.
(vi) There is no security required for the loan amount up to 4 lakhs.
(vii) The loan is repaid by the student generally after the employment.
(viii)Students can apply through "Vidya Lakshmi Portal Education Loan Scheme.

(i) When the Seljuq Turks weakened, the Ottomans extended their power.
(ii) They captured Bulgaria and Serbia, and made Adrianople their capital.
(iii) The conquest of Constantinople in 1453 A.D. by Mohammad II, helped establish Ottoman supremacy in the Balkans, Black Sea and the Middle East.
(iv) After conquering Egypt, they assumed the title of Caliph. They became a major player in the international power politics of the day.

(i) The ltalian humanist Petrarch's Canzoniere, German theologian Martin Luther's Ninety-five theses and Portugal Prince Henry's Navigation School heralded the dawn of the modern era.
(ii) The Holy Roman Empire and the Roman Church became weak and discredited.
(iii) In their place nation states, new Churches that emphasized individual faith, and a commercial revolution based on mercantilism emerged.
(iv) The modern era was characterized by freedom of thought, individualism, rationalism, and economic and scientific progress.
(v) The changes ushered in were the Renaissance, Reformation and Geographical Discoveries.

(i) The river channels of the upper course has more energy gradiant then the channels of lower course.
(ii) As the river flows in the lower course it corrodes sideways and makes it wider.

Mobilising people towards socially productive activities that lead to the overall betterment of people's lives is essential. Sometimes earthquakes, tsunamis, floods and other such natural disasters on a massive scale occur and people's immediate mobilisation for evacuation and emergency relief becomes most essential.
Democratic Participation: Democracy can succeed only when smaller local groups and, in fact, every citizen can take action that supports the tax and revenue collection systems, observance of national norms in environmental protection, cleanliness, health and hygiene, sanitary drives and immunisation programmes like pulse polio. However, we must keep in mind that there is no better form of government than Democratic government. To create a better society and nation, the people of India along with the union and state governments should come together to fight against the miseries of human life.

(i) The culture that domesticated animals and cultivated crops is called Neolithic.
(ii) It is known as the New Stone Age. The Neolithic people used polished stone axes called celts.
(iii) Cattle rearing was their main occupation. They lived in small villages with houses made of thatched roof and walls plastered with clay.
(iv) Evidence of Neolithic village is found at Payyampalli in Vellore district and a few sites in the Dharmapuri region.
(v) Payyampalli is a village in Vellore district of Tamil Nadu. The earliest evidence for the domestication of animals and cultivation of plants is found at this site, which was excavated by the Archaeological Survey of India.
(vi) Evidence for pottery making and cultivation of horse gram and green gram has been found in this village.
(vii) These Neolithic sites were part of the Southern Neolithic Culture of India. They are mainly concentrated in the Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka regions.
(viii) The Neolithic people used stone axes fitted on a wooden handle .
(ix) These polished stone axes are worshipped in many village temples of Tamil Nadu even today.

(i) Empowerment of the poor and illiterates to enjoy the goodness of democracy.
(ii) Willingness among the elected people not to misuse their powerful position and public wealth.
(iii) Eradication of social evils and dangers from which democracy suffers.
(iv) An impartial and efficient press to form public opinion.
(v) Presence of strong public opinion.
(vi) Feeling of tolerance and communal harmony among the people.
(vii) Awareness among the people of the fundamental rights that they are entitled to enjoy.
(viii) Conscious check and vigilance on the working of the elected representatives.
(ix) Powerful and responsible opposition

De-merits of unitary form of government
(i) It is not suitable for big countries.
(ii) The central government will have to tackle so many complex problems that lead to administrative delay.
(iii) The central government will not concentrate on local problems; local interest and initiative.
(iv) The concentration of powers may pave way for the despotism of the central government.

(i) Never drive through a crowd.
(ii) It you find yourself in the path of a crowd, turn down the nearest side road, reverse or turn around and drive away calmly.
(iii) If you cannot drive away, park the car, lock it and leave it, taking shelter in a side street or doorway.
(iv) If you do not have time for this, stop and turn the engine off. Lock the doors and remain calm. Be sure not to show hostility or anger.