The major reasons of road accident are
i) Negligence in driving
ii) Drunk and drive
iii) Overlooking the other vehicles
iv) High speed
v) Improper driving training and
vi) Non-stop long driving

(i) The National Ayush Movement scheme is implemented by the central government.
(ii) Its main aim is to save and extend the life of many medicinal herbs that grow only in the forest.
(iii) This scheme is carried out with 60:40 shares from the central and state governments

(i) The activities that focus on the creation, rearrangement, and interpretation of new and existing ideas are called quinary activities.
(ii) It includes the highest levels of decision making in a society or economy.
(iii) Eg. Senior business executives, scientists and policy makers in the Government.

(i) Expansion of trade.
(ii) The Production of more food.
(iii) Emergence of factory workers as a new class.
(iv) Development in transport and communication.

(i) Urban local governments are Corporation, Municipality and Town Panchayat
(ii) The area where more than 10,000 people are living is called a Town Panchayat
(iii) Municipalities were constituted in India for the first time in Chennai in 1688
(iv) Municipal Corporation are established in big cities.

(i) Among female migrants, 70 % in India and 51 % in Tamil Nadu report marriage as their reason for migration, in 2011.
(ii) Marriage and the movement associated with marriage appear to be a major factor responsible for women's mobility in India and in Tamil Nadu.

April Revolution and democracy in Nepal.
i) On April 2006, the leaders of Nepal vibrant pre-democracy civil society movement "Seven Party Alliance" (SPA) called for a million strong demonstration.
ii) It was stage at seven different points along the Ring road encircling the capital Kathmandu.
iii) People demanded end to the autocratic rule of monarchy and restoration of total democracy.
iv) The king Gyanendra stopped down paring the way for democracy in Nepal.

(i) The barter system flourished wherever civilizations thrived.
(ii) This system was active not only within a civilization, but also among civilizations.
(iii) As years went by, there were issues found in barter system.
(iv) To solve these issues, they fixed a common item with a standard value, for the effective exchange of goods.
(v) It was usually in the form of some metal.
(vi) Hence, the metals can be termed as the first form of money.

(i) Biosphere, the fourth sphere of the Earth, is a life supporting layer that exists on the earth's surface.
(ii) This layer on earth encompasses the Lithosphere, Hydrosphere and Atmosphere.
(iii) It includes flora and fauna that thrive on or near the earth's surface.
(iv) Biosphere harbours all ecosystems on the earth and sustains life forms including mankind

(i) The Earth's water is not static.
(ii) It is always in motion.
(iii) This continuous movement of water on, above and below the earth's surface is called the Hydrological Cycle.
(iv) The three major processes involved in the water cycle are evaporation, condensation and precipitation.

The first ten years of the 1300 AD(CE) Alauddin Khalji's slave and commander Malik Kafur was sent on military expedition to south India.

(i) The internal processes generate heat and eject materials from deep below the Earth's crust.
(ii) Internal radio activity in the principal source of power for this process.

(i) Hero stones of the Post-Sangam Age and the Pallava period occur in large numbers in pastoral regions especially around the Cheng am region near Thiruvannamalai district.
(ii) These hero stones have inscriptions and the images of warriors and names of heroes.

(i) As a result of domestication and cultivating plants, there was an excess food production.
(ii) The surplus food production was a main factor for the development of early civilisations.

1. The Ziggurats were at the city centre on a platform and appeared like steep pyramids, with staircases leading to the top.
2. Around this temple were complexes of ceremonial courtyards, shrines, burial chambers for the priests and priestesses, ceremonial banquet halls, along with workshops, granaries storehouses and administrative buildings.

The different factors contribute to road accident are,
i) Drivers: Over speeding, rash driving, violation of rules, failure to understand signs, fatigue, alcohol.
ii) Pedestrians: Carelessness, illiteracy, crossing at wrong places, jaywalkers.
iii) Passengers: Projecting their body parts outside vehicles, talking to drivers, alighting and boarding vehicles from the wrong side, travelling on footboards, catching a running bus etc.,
iv) Vehicles: Failure of brakes or steering, tyre burst, insufficient headlights, overloading.
v) Road Conditions: Potholes, damaged roads, eroded roads merging of rural roads with highways and illegal speed breakers.
vi) Weather conditions: Fog, snow, heavy rainfall, wind storms, hail storms. 

(i) In April 2013, the Government of India issued a National Policy and Process Guidelines on formation of FPOs.
(ii) The year 2014 was observed as the "Year of Farmer Producer Organisations" by the Government of India.
(iii) Its main idea of promoting and strengthening member based institutions of farmers.
(iv) It aimed at engaging the farmer companies to procure agricultural products and sell them.
(v) Supply of inputs such as seed, fertilizer and machinery, market linkages, training & networking and financial and technical advice are also among the major activities of FPO.

(a) Natural Environment:
Natural components of environment such as Lithosphere, atmosphere, hydrosphere and biosphere.
(b) Human Environment:
This is the interaction between man as an individual, with his family, occupation and society. It is also related to various cultural aspects such as education, religion, economics and politics.
(c) Man made Environment:
(i) This has been created by man himself for the purpose of fulfilling his needs and to make his life more convenient and easy.
(ii) For example, building, transport, park, industries, monument, etc.
(iii) To bring an equilibrium betweenman and the environment, man has to study the distribution of population, availability of resources, development in technology etc.

1. In the first quarter of eighteenth century, in the context of Indian cotton manufactures flooding in England, a law was enacted prohibiting the use of Indian calicoes and silk.
2. The invention of flying shuttle by John Kay and the inventions of Hargreaves, Arkwright and Crompton within thirty years accelerated the process of spinning and weaving.
3. When the British established their foot hold in Bengal as a territorial power the loot from Bengal and the Carnatic provided the required capital and helped accomplish industrial revolution in England.
4. The weavers of Bengal suffered at the hands of the Company's officials and their agents insisted on payment of a transist duty for the commodities they carried from one place to another and later for cultivation of commercial crops required for British industries in England
5. The Engtish deliberately destroyed Indian industry by dumping Indian markets with their machine made cheap cotton piece goods.
6. Because of loss of market for hand - woven cotton goods. India lost her old industrial position and became an exporter of raw material.
7. By the first quarter of the nineteenth century the export of Dacca muslin to England stopped.
8. Even the export of raw cotton from India had steadily dwindled owing to the competition from U.S.A.
9. Weavers who were eking out an independent livelihood were thrown out of employment because of flooding of British factory made cheap cotton fabrics in Indian markets.
10. To escape starvation deaths, peasants and artisans had to move out of the country opting to work on plantations in British Empire Colonies as indentured labours under wretched service and living conditions.

1. It is mainly to protect the head and neck from gently damaged.
2. Because the earthquake likely to knock out electrical power, the elevator machinery will not work.
3. If doors are opened, stand under a door way or in a comer inside the room. Cover your face and head with your arms.
4. At jolting of the earthquake bursting and breaking of wall, glass panes may happen. So it is better to be away from it.

Problems and challenges facing the local self governments.
(i) Local self governments are the crucial basis for our democracy.
(ii) The Constitutional status of local self governments adds more significance to their functioning.
(iii) There are a few critical concerns in the working of local self governments in India.
(iv) Major problems and challenges may be mentioned as below.
1. Lack of clear demarcation of powers and functions of local bodies.
2. Allocation of funds and needs assessment are not matched.
3. Combined with accountability, the local self governments demand for more autonomy and economic freedom may be addressed.
4. Role of caste, class and religion in decision making at the local self governments.
5. Poor accountability of elected members and officials at the grassroots of democracy.

Suresh: What is the reason for population change?
Subash: Change in population occurs due to birth, death and migration.
Suresh: What is migration?
Subash: Birds, Animals and Man move from one place to another.
Suresh: Why do people migrate?
Subash: To search for Job, Education, Marriage, etc.
Suresh: How can migrants be calculated?
Subash: By place of birth and place of residence.
Suresh: How is it calculated in Tamil Nadu?
Subash: According to the census of 2011, there was 7.2 crore people in Tamil Nadu of these 3.13 crore people were counted as migrants.

Merits of unitary form of government
(i) Suitable for small countries.
(ii) There is no conflict of authority and responsibility.
(iii) A unitary government will make prompt decisions and take speedy action.
(iv) A unitary government is less expensive.
(v) Amendments to the constitution are easy.
(vi) There is unity, uniformity of law, policy and administration.

(i) The relationship between money and price is connected with the Monetary policy.
(ii) There is a close relationship between the growth of money supply and inflation.
(iii) Price controls play a very important role in a country's economic stability.
(iv) This role is played by RBI.
(v) Currency is the medium of exchange in a country.
(vi) The Indian currency is called the Indian Rupee (INR).
(vii) In a country the foreign currency is called foreign exchange.
(viii)Purchasing capacity of all currencies in the world are compared using the US dollar as the standard currency.
(ix) This value differs from country to country.
(x) Most of the international trade transactions are carried out in US dollar

(i) The Ming Empire, which replaced the Mongol empire, consciously discouraged industry and foreign trade in order to concentrate on agriculture.
(ii) This resulted in China lagging behind in the 16th century. Other parts of Eurasia, building on the techniques of the Chinese, began to march ahead.

(i) The ltalian humanist Petrarch's Canzoniere, German theologian Martin Luther's Ninety-five theses and Portugal Prince Henry's Navigation School heralded the dawn of the modern era.
(ii) The Holy Roman Empire and the Roman Church became weak and discredited.
(iii) In their place nation states, new Churches that emphasized individual faith, and a commercial revolution based on mercantilism emerged.
(iv) The modern era was characterized by freedom of thought, individualism, rationalism, and economic and scientific progress.
(v) The changes ushered in were the Renaissance, Reformation and Geographical Discoveries.

(i) The river channels of the upper course has more energy gradiant then the channels of lower course.
(ii) As the river flows in the lower course it corrodes sideways and makes it wider.

Mobilising people towards socially productive activities that lead to the overall betterment of people's lives is essential. Sometimes earthquakes, tsunamis, floods and other such natural disasters on a massive scale occur and people's immediate mobilisation for evacuation and emergency relief becomes most essential.
Democratic Participation: Democracy can succeed only when smaller local groups and, in fact, every citizen can take action that supports the tax and revenue collection systems, observance of national norms in environmental protection, cleanliness, health and hygiene, sanitary drives and immunisation programmes like pulse polio. However, we must keep in mind that there is no better form of government than Democratic government. To create a better society and nation, the people of India along with the union and state governments should come together to fight against the miseries of human life.

(i) The culture that domesticated animals and cultivated crops is called Neolithic.
(ii) It is known as the New Stone Age. The Neolithic people used polished stone axes called celts.
(iii) Cattle rearing was their main occupation. They lived in small villages with houses made of thatched roof and walls plastered with clay.
(iv) Evidence of Neolithic village is found at Payyampalli in Vellore district and a few sites in the Dharmapuri region.
(v) Payyampalli is a village in Vellore district of Tamil Nadu. The earliest evidence for the domestication of animals and cultivation of plants is found at this site, which was excavated by the Archaeological Survey of India.
(vi) Evidence for pottery making and cultivation of horse gram and green gram has been found in this village.
(vii) These Neolithic sites were part of the Southern Neolithic Culture of India. They are mainly concentrated in the Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka regions.
(viii) The Neolithic people used stone axes fitted on a wooden handle .
(ix) These polished stone axes are worshipped in many village temples of Tamil Nadu even today.

(i) India has a Parliamentary form of democracy.
(ii) The Indian Parliament comprises the elected representatives of people.
(iii) It makes the laws for the country.
(iv) The participation of people in the decision making and the consent of citizens are the two important elements of Parliamentary form of government in India.
(v) India is the largest democratic country in the world.
(vi) Democracy in India works on five basic principles.
(vii) These are sovereign, socialist, secular, democratic and republic.
(viii) Every citizen of India who is not less than 18 years of age can exercise their right to vote in India.
(ix) There is no descrimination based on a person's caste, creed, religion, gender and education when it comes to providing the right to vote.

a) Both A and R are correct and R explains A

De-merits of federal form of government are,
(a) Federal government in weaker when compared to the unitary government.
(b) Federal government is more expensive.
(c) Provincial tendencies are very common
(d) Lack of uniformity in Administration
(e) Threat to national unity
(f) Distribution powers between centre and states lead to conflict
(g) Double Citizenship
(h) Rigid constitution cannot be amended easily for the changing needs.
(I) The state governments sometimes place hindrances in the foreign policy.

During earthquake if you are indoor:
(i) DROP to the ground; take COVER by getting under a sturdy table or other piece of furniture and HOLD ON until the shaking stops. If there is no a table or desk near you, cover your face and head with your arms and crouch in an inside corner of the building.
(ii) Protect yourself by staying under the lintel of an inner door, in the corner of a room, under a table or even under a bed.
(iii) Stay away from glass windows, outside doors and walls, and anything that could fall, (such as lighting fixtures or furniture).
(iv) Stay inside until the shaking stops and afterwards it is safe to go outside.