The major reasons of road accident are
i) Negligence in driving
ii) Drunk and drive
iii) Overlooking the other vehicles
iv) High speed
v) Improper driving training and
vi) Non-stop long driving

(i) River Cauvery is the third largest river in India. Its length is 765 km.
(ii) Cauvery passes Thiruchirapalli, Tanjavur, Srirangapattinam, Kumbakonnam.
(iii) The dams constructed across Cauvery in Tamil Nadu are Mettur Dam, Kallanai.

(i) The activities that focus on the creation, rearrangement, and interpretation of new and existing ideas are called quinary activities.
(ii) It includes the highest levels of decision making in a society or economy.
(iii) Eg. Senior business executives, scientists and policy makers in the Government.

(i) Expansion of trade.
(ii) The Production of more food.
(iii) Emergence of factory workers as a new class.
(iv) Development in transport and communication.

Voluntary functions of the local governments are
(i) Maintenance of street light in the villages
(ii) Maintenance of markets and fairs
(iii) Implantation of trees
(iv) Maintenance of play grounds
(v) Maintenance of parking vehicles, slaughter houses and Cattle shed
(vi) Control over places of exhibition

(i) Of the total migrants who go to foreign countries, nearly 20% have chosen to go to Singapore.
(ii) 18 % have gone to United Arab Emirates.
(iii) 16 % to Saudi Arabia.
(iv) 13 % to United States of America.
(v) Malaysia, Kuwait, Oman, Quatar, Australia and England are also refered as important destinations for migrants from Tamil Nadu, in 2015

(i) A unitary system of government, or unitary state is a sovereign state governed as a single entity.
(ii) The central Government is supreme, and the administrative division exercise only powers that the Central Government has delegated to them.
(iii) Suitable for small countries.
(iv) A unitary government is less expensive.
(v) In this form of Government amendments to the constitution are easy.

(i) Pepper, spices, pearls, gems, rubies and muslin clothes were exported from the eastern sea of Tamil Nadu. Pepper and spices took a major share of the exports.
(ii) Thus this route came to be called as the spice route.

(i) Bio diversity refers to a wide variety of Iiving organisms, which live in a habitat.
(ii) It is highly influenced by topography, climate as well as human activities.

(i) The degree of concentration of salts in the sea water is called salinity.
(ii) It is usually expressed in terms of parts per thousand (ppt or %0).
(iii) Salinity varies both horizontally and vertically.
(iv) The influence of temperature on ocean salinity depends upon the heating up of the surface water, which varies from tropics to polar regions

(i) Cities and towns fulfilled diverse and overlapping roles in the economy.
(ii) The large cities were centres of manufacturing and marketing, banking and financial services.
(iii) Network of roads connected cities to other parts of the country.
(iv) Smaller towns were marketing centres in local trade connecting the immediate rural hinterland.
(v) Cities also served as political and administrative centres, both in the capital region and in the provinces.
(vi) Major pilgrimage centres like Varanasi also grew into cities.

(i) The internal processes generate heat and eject materials from deep below the Earth's crust.
(ii) Internal radio activity in the principal source of power for this process.

Among the political powers of the Sangam Age, the Cheras, the Cholas and the Pandyas occupied pre-eminent positions. They were known as Muvendhar (the three kings). The muvendhar controlled the major towns and ports of the Sangam period.

(i) The idea of the Three Age system proposed by C.J. Thomsen became the basis for understanding early human history.
(ii) He classified the artefacts in the Danish National Museum, Copenhagen, into Stone Age, Bronze Age and Iron Age.

(i) The Great Wall of China, one of the wonders of the world, was a massive effort undertaken for the protection of China from the Mongols.
(ii) In 220 BCE, under Qin Shi Huang, earlier fortifications were connected by walls as a form of defence against invasions.
(iii) It was built from third century BCE until 17th century CE.
(iv) It ran for over 20,000 kilometres covering the hills and plains, from the border of Korea in the east to the Ordos Desert in the west.

The different factors contribute to road accident are,
i) Drivers: Over speeding, rash driving, violation of rules, failure to understand signs, fatigue, alcohol.
ii) Pedestrians: Carelessness, illiteracy, crossing at wrong places, jaywalkers.
iii) Passengers: Projecting their body parts outside vehicles, talking to drivers, alighting and boarding vehicles from the wrong side, travelling on footboards, catching a running bus etc.,
iv) Vehicles: Failure of brakes or steering, tyre burst, insufficient headlights, overloading.
v) Road Conditions: Potholes, damaged roads, eroded roads merging of rural roads with highways and illegal speed breakers.
vi) Weather conditions: Fog, snow, heavy rainfall, wind storms, hail storms. 

(i) In April 2013, the Government of India issued a National Policy and Process Guidelines on formation of FPOs.
(ii) The year 2014 was observed as the "Year of Farmer Producer Organisations" by the Government of India.
(iii) Its main idea of promoting and strengthening member based institutions of farmers.
(iv) It aimed at engaging the farmer companies to procure agricultural products and sell them.
(v) Supply of inputs such as seed, fertilizer and machinery, market linkages, training & networking and financial and technical advice are also among the major activities of FPO.

(i) Density of population refers to the number of people living per sq. km. An area is said to be sparsely populated when it has a large area with less number of people. Similarly, smaller the area with a large number of people, it is said to be densely populated.
(ii) Population Density = \(\frac{ Total Population}{Total land area}\)
The world's population density is divided into three main groups.
(a) Areas of high density (above 50 people per sq.km) - East Asia, South Asia, North West Europe & Eastern North America.
(b) Areas of moderate density (10 to 50 people per sq.km) - The sub tropical regions like Angola, Congo, Nigeria and Zambia in Africa.
(c) Areas of low density (less than 10 people per sq.km) - Central Africa, Western Australia, Northern Russia, Canada, etc

1. A shift from manual labour based to more technical and machine based manufacturing industry marked the industrial revolution in the United States.
2. Samuel Slater a citizen of England having worked at a cotton mill from the age of 10 had gained enough experience to operate a mill.
3. On learning that Americans were interested in the new techniques, Slater departed for New York in 1789 illegally Slater offered his service to Moses Brown, who had earlier made an unsuccessful attempt to operate a mill.
4. Brown agreed and in consequence the mill became operational in 1793 being the first water-powered roller spinning textile mill in America.
5. By 1800, Slater's mill had been duplicated by many other intrepreneurs as Slater grew wealthier and his techniques became more and more popular.
6. Andrew Jackson the U.S. President hailed him as Father of the American Industrial revolution.
7. In the Nineteenth Century America began to show technological innovation.
8. Robert Fulton established the steam boat service on the Hudsen river.
9. Samuel E.B Morses invented the telegraph and Elias Howe inverted the sewing machine. This was the main cause for the industrialisation.
10. In 1869 the first transcontinental rail road was completed to transport people, raw materials and products.
11. The invention of electric bulb of Thomas Alva Edison and telephone by Alexander Graham Bell changed the world beyond recognition.

Salient features of the 73m and 74th Constitutional Amendment Act (1992)
(i) Panchayats and Municipalities will be "Institutions of Self Government".
(ii) Basic Units of Democratic System - Grama Sabhas (Villages) and Ward Committees (Municipalities) comprising all the adult members registered.
(iii) Three tier system of panchayats at village, intermediate block/taluk/mandal and district levels. Smaller states with population below 2 million only two tiers.
(iv) Seats at all levels filled by direct election.
(v) Seats reserved for SCs and STs at all levels in proportionon to their population.
(vi) One third of the total number of seats-reserved for women. One third of the seats reserved for SCs and STs also reserved for women. One third officers of Chair persons at all levels reserved for women.
(vii) Uniform five year term and election to constitute new bodies to be completed before the expiry of the term. In the event of dissolution, elections compulsorily within six months.

Suresh: What is the reason for population change?
Subash: Change in population occurs due to birth, death and migration.
Suresh: What is migration?
Subash: Birds, Animals and Man move from one place to another.
Suresh: Why do people migrate?
Subash: To search for Job, Education, Marriage, etc.
Suresh: How can migrants be calculated?
Subash: By place of birth and place of residence.
Suresh: How is it calculated in Tamil Nadu?
Subash: According to the census of 2011, there was 7.2 crore people in Tamil Nadu of these 3.13 crore people were counted as migrants.

Merits of unitary form of government
(i) Suitable for small countries.
(ii) There is no conflict of authority and responsibility.
(iii) A unitary government will make prompt decisions and take speedy action.
(iv) A unitary government is less expensive.
(v) Amendments to the constitution are easy.
(vi) There is unity, uniformity of law, policy and administration.

(i) Educational loan attempts to meet the educational aspirations of the society.
(ii) A student is the main borrower.
(iii) A parent, spouse or sibling can be the co-applicant.
(iv) It is offered to students who want to pursue higher education in India or overseas.
(v) It can be taken for a full time, part-time or vocational course and Graduation or Post Graduation.
(vi) There is no security required for the loan amount up to 4 lakhs.
(vii) The loan is repaid by the student generally after the employment.
(viii)Students can apply through "Vidya Lakshmi Portal Education Loan Scheme.

(i) The Arabs easily overran many regions.
(ii) Led by the General Tariq, the Arabs, after conquering Morocco and Africa, crossed into Europe.
(iii) They took Spain and ruled for many hundreds of years.
(iv) The Arabs, until then largely nomads from the deserts, became the rulers ofa mighty empire.
(v) They were called Saracens

(i) The ltalian humanist Petrarch's Canzoniere, German theologian Martin Luther's Ninety-five theses and Portugal Prince Henry's Navigation School heralded the dawn of the modern era.
(ii) The Holy Roman Empire and the Roman Church became weak and discredited.
(iii) In their place nation states, new Churches that emphasized individual faith, and a commercial revolution based on mercantilism emerged.
(iv) The modern era was characterized by freedom of thought, individualism, rationalism, and economic and scientific progress.
(v) The changes ushered in were the Renaissance, Reformation and Geographical Discoveries.

(i) Limestone is made up of Calcium Carbonate.
(ii) It dissolves in water easily.
(iii) So during rainfall the water at the joints and fractures of the limestone seeps easily underground.
(iv) So the underground water is more common than the surface run off.

Mobilising people towards socially productive activities that lead to the overall betterment of people's lives is essential. Sometimes earthquakes, tsunamis, floods and other such natural disasters on a massive scale occur and people's immediate mobilisation for evacuation and emergency relief becomes most essential.
Democratic Participation: Democracy can succeed only when smaller local groups and, in fact, every citizen can take action that supports the tax and revenue collection systems, observance of national norms in environmental protection, cleanliness, health and hygiene, sanitary drives and immunisation programmes like pulse polio. However, we must keep in mind that there is no better form of government than Democratic government. To create a better society and nation, the people of India along with the union and state governments should come together to fight against the miseries of human life.

(i) Rice was probably cultivated in India and China around 7000 BCE or even earlier.
(ii) Wheat and barley were cultivated at Mehrgarh in northwestern part of the Indian subcontinent (Pakistan) before 6000 BCE.
(iii) Animal domestication developed as part of symbiotic life.
(iv) Dogs may have been domesticated first. Friendly animals were gradually domesticated. Sheep and goat were domesticated around 10,000 BCE in Southwest Asia.
(v) Oxen were used in Sumerian civilisation for tilling the land. Mehrgarh in Pakistan has evidence of sheep, goat and cattle domestication in the Neolithic period.

(i) India has a Parliamentary form of democracy.
(ii) The Indian Parliament comprises the elected representatives of people.
(iii) It makes the laws for the country.
(iv) The participation of people in the decision making and the consent of citizens are the two important elements of Parliamentary form of government in India.
(v) India is the largest democratic country in the world.
(vi) Democracy in India works on five basic principles.
(vii) These are sovereign, socialist, secular, democratic and republic.
(viii) Every citizen of India who is not less than 18 years of age can exercise their right to vote in India.
(ix) There is no descrimination based on a person's caste, creed, religion, gender and education when it comes to providing the right to vote.

(a) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) explains (A)

Federal features of Indian Constitution are,
(1) Dual Government
(2) Written constitution
(3) Division of Powers
(4) Supremacy of the Constitution
(5) The constitution is the supreme law of the land. The laws enacted by the Centre and the states must confirm to its provisions.
(6) Rigid Constitution
(7) Independent Judiciary
(8) Bicameralism

During earthquake if you are indoor:
(i) DROP to the ground; take COVER by getting under a sturdy table or other piece of furniture and HOLD ON until the shaking stops. If there is no a table or desk near you, cover your face and head with your arms and crouch in an inside corner of the building.
(ii) Protect yourself by staying under the lintel of an inner door, in the corner of a room, under a table or even under a bed.
(iii) Stay away from glass windows, outside doors and walls, and anything that could fall, (such as lighting fixtures or furniture).
(iv) Stay inside until the shaking stops and afterwards it is safe to go outside.