Features:
(i) Adolescents population constitutes one fifth of the total population of India.
(ii) Generally adolescents are grouped in the age-group of 10-19 years.
(iii) Adolescents are tha most important resources for the future.
(iv) Nutrition requirements of adolescents are higher than those of a normal child or adult.

Major islands:
(a) Lakshadweep
(b) Andaman and Nicobar

The Nazi Party was renamed after the NAtional Socialist German Worker's Party.

Tamil Nadu coast receives winter rainfal of the following reasons:
(a) Tamil Nadu coast lies on the eastern coast of the peninsula. During summer, Arabian Sea branch of southwest monsoon ascends on the Western Ghats and causes ,aximum rainfall on its western side. On the other hand, the Tamil Nadu coast remains dry due to its location off the way of south-west monsson as moving towards east they go on shedding their moisture.
(b) During winter, the north-east dry monsson winds blow over the Bay of Bengal. As they pass over the Bay of Bengal they pick up moisture and bring rain to the Tamil Nadu coast as now they are under the effect of on-share winds, full of moisture.

(i) Banjaras were a known group of graziers.
(ii) They were to be found in the village of Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, Rajasthan, Madhyaaw Pradesh and Maharashtra
(iii) They moved over long distances in search of good pasture land for their cattle.
(iv) They traded in plough cattle and other goods with villagers in exchange for grain and fodder.

It is not neccessary that a democratic country is more prosperous than others. Prosperity of the people depends on the economic development and not on the form of government. We have many examples where the government is democratic but people are nbot very prosperous. Inia is such as example.

Lech Walesa became the President of Poland in 1990.

Kaveri Basin :
(i) The Kaveri  rioses inthe Brahmagiri range of the western Ghats in Karnataka and it falls in the Bay  of Bengal near Cuddalore.
(ii) Total length of the River is about 760 Km.
(iii) Its main tributaries are Amaravati, Bhavani, Hemavati and Kabini.
(iv) Kaveri basin drains parts of KArnatka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu.

(i) The Brahmaputra river marks the easternmost boundary of the Himalayas
(ii) Beyond the Dihang gorge, the Himalayas bend sharply to the south and spread along the eastern boundary of the country. They are known as the Purvanchal
1.These hills run through the north-eastern states.
2. They are mostly composed of strong sandstones, which are sedimentary rocks.
3. They are covered with dense forests.
4. They mostly run as parallel ranges and valleys
5. The Puruvanchal comprises of Patkai Bum, Naga hills and Mizo hills and many other hills.
(iii) They are mainly composed of strong sand stones.

In 2014, the stock of wheat and rice with FCI was 65.3 million tonnes which was much more than the minimum buffer norms
1. The situation improved with the distribution of food grains under different schemes launched by the government.
2. There is a general consesthat high level of buffer stocks of food grains is very undersirable and can be wasteful.
3. The storage of massive food stocks has been responsible for high carrying costs, in addition to wastage and deterioration in grain quality.
4. Freezing of MSP for a few years should be considered seriously.

Poverty may be defined as inability to satisfy minimum human needs concerning food, clothing, shelter, health and education.

The major constitutional provisions for the protection of women and children in india are:
(i) Right against Exploitation: Under this, trafficking of human beings, especially women and children, shall be an offence punishable under law.
(ii) Banning child labour: The constitution prohibits child labour. No one can employ a child below the age of fourteen to work in any factory or in any other haardous work, such as railways and ports.
(iii) Many laws have been made to prohibit children from working in industries such as beedi making, firecrackers and matches, printing and dyeing.

Three functions  or responsiblities of the government are as follows :
(i) The government is responsible for ensuring security to th ecitizens providing facilities for education and health to all.
(ii) It collects taxes and spends the money on administration , and development programmes like MNREGA , mid day meal system etc.
(iii) It formulates and implements several welfare schemes for people.

In practice it means that everyone should have one vote should have equal value. No one should be denied the right to vote without a good reason. In our country, all the citizens aged 18 years and above can vote in an election.

(i) Sumptuary laws (1294 to 1789) were laws which imposed social codes of food and dress upon different strata of society in France.
(ii) These laws were meant to emphasise social hierarchy and control behavior of those considered 'social inferiors', i.r. the unprivileged.
(iii) They prevented social inferiors from wearing certain clothes and consuming certain foods and beverages and hunting game in certain areas associated with the aristocracy.
(iv) In medieval France the items of clothing a person could buy and use for clothing were regulated not only by income but by social rank.
(v) The material to be used for clothing was also legally prescribed. As per these laws only royalty could wear expensive materials like ermine and fur, or silk, velvet and brocade. The other classes were debarred from using these materials.

The Parsis

The poor were opposed to the threshing machines because for them they were a sign of bad times.
(i) The machines reduced the dependence of landowners on labour and led to their displacement.
(ii) Many poor lost their jobs during the threshing season and had to tramp long distance to seek alternate employment in other villages or cities.
(iii) Machines gave landowners bargaining power.
(iv) They reduced the status of the poor to wage earners.
(v) The jobs of the poor became insecure, income unstable and livelihood precarious.

In case of India, unemployment scenario is as below.
(a) Statistically, the unemployment rate is low in India.
(b) A large number of people represented with low income and productivity are counted as employed.They appear to work throughout the year but in terms of their potential and income, it is not adequate for them.
(c) Poor people cannot afford to sit idle.They tend to engage in any activity irrespective of its earning potential.
(d) The employment structre is chracterised by self-employment in the primary sector.
The whole family contributes in the field even though not everybody is really needed.

The land area under cultivation is practically fixed. Since 1960 in Palampur, there has been no expansion in land area under cultivation. By then, some of the wastelands in the village had been converted to cultivable land. There is no further scope to increase farm production by bringing new land under cultivation.

(i) The landmark years in the making of the Indian Constitution are:
(ii) As far back as in 1928, Motilal Nehru and eight other Congress leaders drafted a constitution for India.
(iii) In 1931, the Karachi session of the Indian Congress dealt on how independent India's Constitution should be.
(iv) The formation of government in 1937 in different states helped Indians to gain experiences in the working of the legislative.
(v) Elections to the Constituent Assembly were held in July 1946 and its first meeting was held in December 1946.
(vi) The Assembly adopted the Constitution on 26 November 1949 but it came into effect on January 26, 1950.

The Government of India Should put pressure on the military rulers for the establishment of democracy in the country and free Aung San Suu Kyi from jail.

Endangered species of plants and animals
(i) Nearly 1200 species of plants are endangered and 20 species are extinct
(ii) Quite a few animal species are also endangered
(iii) They are endangered because of the following reasons
(iv) Hunting of birds and animals by man for reaction and commercial purpose.
(v) Pollution due to chemical and industrial waste.
(vi) Acid deposits.
(vii) Introduction of foreign species
(viii) Reckless cutting of forests to bring land under agriculture, inhabitation, and industries.
(ix) Activities of poachers and smugglers.

The rebellion of Bastar people took place in 1910. The tribals of Bastar were for long plagued by the policies of the British. The terrible famines in 1899-1990 and again in 1907-1908 with the British proposal of reservation in 1905 proved the last straw.
(i) People began to discuss all these issues in their village councils, in bazaars, markets and at festivals. The initiative was taken by Dhurwas of the Kanger forests where reservation first took place. Although there was no single leader many people spoke of Gunda Dhur (from the village Nethaner) as an important figure in the movement.
(ii) In 1910 mango boughs, a lump of earth, chillies, and arrows began circulating between villages. These were actually messages inviting villagers to rebel.
(iii) Every village contributed something to the expenses of the rebellion.
(iv) Bazaars were looted, houses of officials, traders, schools and police stations were burnt and robbed and the grain redistributed.
(v) Most of those who were attacked were in some way or another associated with the exploitative policies of the colonial state.
Consequences:
(i) The British sent their troops to suppress the rebellion. It took them three months to regain control.
(ii) Adivasi leaders tried to negotiate but the British surrounded their camps and fire, upon them.
(iii) Those who had participated in the rebellion were publicly flogged and punished.
(iv) Villages were deserted as people fled into jungles.
(v) In a major victory for the rebels work on the reservation was temporally suspended.
(vi) The area to be reserved was reduced to half of that planned before 1910.