(i) Mahapadma Nanda founded the Nanda dynasty.
(ii) The Nandas were the first of non-Kshatriya dynasties to rule in North India.
(iii) Nandas gave importance to irrigation with the canals, they built touching even the Kalinga kingdom.

(i) In course of time, Jainism split into two branches namely the Digambaras (Sky-clad) and the Svetambaras (White-clad)
(ii) The Digambaras were the Orthodox followers of Mahavira. They rejected clothes altogether. The Svetambaras wore a white dress from head to toe.

(i) light
(ii) good mind
(iii) right
(iv) dominion
(v) piety
(vi) well-being
(vii) immortality.

Confucius and Lao-Tse were the two great thinkers in the sixth century BCE.

(i) In one of his Kalinga edicts, he tells his horror and sorrow over the deaths which the war and conquest caused.
(ii) In yet another edict, he makes it known that Ashoka would not tolerate any longer the death captivity of even hundredth (or) thousandth part of the number killed and made captive in Kalinga.

1. Ajathasatru, the son of Bimbisara is said to have murdered his father and ascended the throne in 493 BCE.
2. He expanded his territory through military conquests.
3. He strengthened the Rajagriha fort and also built another fort at Pataligrama on the Ganges.

The three principles of Jainism are known as Tri-ratnas. They are Right faith, Right knowledge, Right action.

Buddhism declined in India due to the following reasons:
1. Buddhism was popular in the beginning because it was preached in people's language (Pali). The later texts were written in Sanskrit, which was difficult for the common people to understand.
2. The split in Buddhism into Hinayana and Mahayana was another vital reason. Image worship in Mahayana made no difference between Hinduism and Buddhism.
3. Buddhism lost its royal patronage during the reign of Guptas.
4. Further, the invasions of Huns and Turks almost wiped out Buddhism.

(i) Five cardinal principles of Confucius Ethics are Humaneness, Righteousness propriety, wisdom, and trustworthiness.
(ii) Confucius said that wisdom grows from the family.
(iii) The foundation of society is the disciplined individual in an orderly family.
(iv) The superior man according to him is not merely intelligent or scholarly but his character should be exemplary.
(v) The superior man of Confucius possesses three virtues; intelligence, courage and good will.
(vi) He clearly proposed that when the command is wrong a son should resist his father and a minister should resist the prince.
(vii) He said that there are three requisites for government. "They are sufficiency of food, sufficiency of military equipment and confidence of the people in their ruler.

(a) Confucius was born in the Shantung province of China in 551 BCE.
(b) (i) The Book of Records
(ii) The Book of odes
(iii) The Book of changes
(iv) The spring and Autumn Annals
(v) The Book of History.
(c) (i) Humaneness
(ii) Righteousness
(iii) Propriety
(iv) Wisdom
(v) Trustworthiness.
(d) Intelligence, courage and good will.

(a) The original name of Buddha was Siddhartha.
(b) The birth place of Buddha is Lumbini Garden near Kapilavasthu in 567 BCE.
(c) He got enlightenment in the Mahabodhi temple, still exists in Bodh Gaya (Bihar).
(d) The place of his first sermon was Sarnath.