(i) On an average, in India, every year, about 25,000 persons die due to fires and related causes.
(ii) Female accounts for about 66% of those killed in fire accidents.
(iii) It is estimated that about 42 females and 21 males die every day in India due to fire

(i) The whole Japan is in a very active seismic area, and it has the densest seismic network in the world.
(ii) Indonesia is in a very active seismic zone, but by virtue of its larger size than Japan, it hasmore total earthquakes.
(iii) It is in extremely active seismic areas along subduction zones

(i) Local communities are expected to provide immediate disaster response.
(ii) On a daily basis, our police officers, firefighters, and emergency medical technicians are our community's first responders.

(i) Remote Sensing refers to the observation and measurement of earthly objects without touching them.
(ii) 'Remote' means far away and 'Sensing' means observing or collecting information.
(iii) Remote sensing means acquiring information of things/places from a distance, using a variety of tools and methods.

Geographers mainly use Chain, Prismatic compass, Plane table, Dumpy level, Abney level, Clinometre, Theodolite, Total Station and GNSS to measure the distance, angle, altitude and position of the area of survey.

(i) A map is the basic tool of a geographer.
(ii) It illustrates the earth's surface clearly and effectively through a combination of drawings, words and symbols.
(iii) Thus, maps form an integral part of teaching geography.
(iv) A map is a location guide.

(i) A map is the basic tool of a geographer. It illustrates the earth's surface clearly and effectively through a combination of drawings, words and symbols.
(ii) A map projection is a way of showing the spherical shaped earth on a flat piece of paper.
(iii) A map projection is a systematic transformation of the latitudes and longitudes oflocation from the surface of a sphere or an ellipsoid into locations on a plane.
(iv) A Globe is a spherical model of earth. Globe Serve similar purposes to maps but unlike maps do not disturb the surface that they portray except to scale it down. A globe of earth is called terrestrial globe.

(i) Urban local governments are Corporation, Municipality and Town Panchayat
(ii) The area where more than 10,000 people are living is called a Town Panchayat
(iii) Municipalities were constituted in India for the first time in Chennai in 1688
(iv) Municipal Corporation are established in big cities.

(i) District Panchayat is constituted in each district.
(ii) One District Panchayat for every 50,000 people and ward members are directly elected by the people.
(iii) The head of the District Panchayat, the "Chairman is elected from one among its members and their term is five years".

Important functions of the Village Panchayat are
(i) Supply of drinking water
(ii) Maintenance of street lights
(iii) Maintenance of Road
(iv) Maintenance of village libraries
(v) Maintenance of small bridges
(vi) Maintenance of drainage
(vii) Maintenance of burial grounds
(viii) Granting permission to housing plots
(ix) Construction of group houses
(x) Cleaning of streets
(xi) Maintenance of common lavatory facilities

The village panchayats levy the following taxes such as, Property tax, Professional tax, House tax, Taxes on connecting drinking water, Land tax and Taxes levied on shops.

(i) In 2015 an independent research study was conducted to understand the level, nature and pattern of migration in Tamil Nadu.
(ii) The study clearly reveals, a whole range of occupation undertaken by migrants highly skilled occupation on the one hand and low skilled occupations on the other with large
number of semi-skilled occupations in between.

(i) Of the total migrants who go to foreign countries, nearly 20% have chosen to go to Singapore.
(ii) 18 % have gone to United Arab Emirates.
(iii) 16 % to Saudi Arabia.
(iv) 13 % to United States of America.
(v) Malaysia, Kuwait, Oman, Quatar, Australia and England are also refered as important destinations for migrants from Tamil Nadu, in 2015

The poorer sections of the people migrate for survival but migrants from better off sections migrate to improve their living standards.

Cuddalore, Karur, Tiruvannamalai, Velur, Namakkal, Salem, Dindigul, Krishnagiri, Nilgiris and Dharmapuri districts record low incidence of emigrants.

(i) Among female migrants, 70 % in India and 51 % in Tamil Nadu report marriage as their reason for migration, in 2011.
(ii) Marriage and the movement associated with marriage appear to be a major factor responsible for women's mobility in India and in Tamil Nadu.

(i) Job
(ii) Employment
(iii) Education
(iv) Trade
(v) Business

(i) Saplings of native species of plants and trees are being grown planet and cared for
(ii) Live colonies of coral from the Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve are being transplanted to Palk Bay. The existing mangroves and the region are being mapped and the way land is used around the mangrove is being studied.
(iii) Along with awareness programmes, the communities are also being provided with livelihood training, so they can earn an income in more ways than just fishing.

(i) The green house effect is the process by which radiation from a planets, atmosphere warms the planets' surface to a temperature above what it would be without its atmosphere.
(ii) If a planet's atmosphere contains radiatively active gases they will radiate energy in all directions.

(i) Natural Disaster or man made disaster such as famine, war, land slides, earthquake, Tsunami, epidemics, extreme weather, etc.
(ii) The black death is estimated to have killed 30 - 60 percent of Europe's total population during the 14^th century.
(iii) The dominant explanation for black death is attributed to the break of plague.

(i) Density of population refers to the number of people living per sq. km.
(ii) An area is said to be sparsely populated when it has large area with less number of people.
(iii) Similarity, smaller the area with a targe number of people. it is said to be densely populated.
(iv) Population density = \(\frac{Total \ population}{Total \ land \ area}\)

(i) A unitary system of government, or unitary state is a sovereign state governed as a single entity.
(ii) The central Government is supreme, and the administrative division exercise only powers that the Central Government has delegated to them.
(iii) Suitable for small countries.
(iv) A unitary government is less expensive.
(v) In this form of Government amendments to the constitution are easy.

April Revolution and democracy in Nepal.
i) On April 2006, the leaders of Nepal vibrant pre-democracy civil society movement "Seven Party Alliance" (SPA) called for a million strong demonstration.
ii) It was stage at seven different points along the Ring road encircling the capital Kathmandu.
iii) People demanded end to the autocratic rule of monarchy and restoration of total democracy.
iv) The king Gyanendra stopped down paring the way for democracy in Nepal.

The productivity of rice - 1965 - 66 - 1409 kgs per hectare.
1975 - 76 - 2372 kgs per hectare.
1985 - 86 - 2712 kgs per hectare
2014 - 15 - 4429 kgs per hectare
In the past 50 years, the productivity of paddy has increased more than three times.

(i) The Union Water Board is constantly monitoring the level and nature of ground water.
(ii) This continuous monitoring has categorized the Panchayat Union in terms of the amount of groundwater used.

(i) Food crops: Paddy, Maize, Ragi, Cumbu
(iii) Non-food crops: Coconut, Cotton, Coffee, Tea, Sugar cene.

(i) Evacuate calmly and quickly whenever a fire alarm or carbon monoxide alarm sounds.
(ii) Before opening the door, feel it with the back of your hand. If the door is hot, do not open it.
(iii) If you encounter smoke during your evacuation, stay low to the floor.
(iv) Know the locations of fire extinguishers, fire alarm pull stations, and exits

(i) Never drive through a crowd.
(ii) It you find yourself in the path of a crowd, turn down the nearest side road, reverse or turn around and drive away calmly.
(iii) If you cannot drive away, park the car, lock it and leave it, taking shelter in a side street or doorway.
(iv) If you do not have time for this, stop and turn the engine off. Lock the doors and remain calm. Be sure not to show hostility or anger.

During earthquake if you are indoor:
(i) DROP to the ground; take COVER by getting under a sturdy table or other piece of furniture and HOLD ON until the shaking stops. If there is no a table or desk near you, cover your face and head with your arms and crouch in an inside corner of the building.
(ii) Protect yourself by staying under the lintel of an inner door, in the corner of a room, under a table or even under a bed.
(iii) Stay away from glass windows, outside doors and walls, and anything that could fall, (such as lighting fixtures or furniture).
(iv) Stay inside until the shaking stops and afterwards it is safe to go outside.

(i) A tsunami can kill or injure people and damage or destroy buildings and infrastructure as waves come in and go out.
(ii) A tsunami is a series of enormous ocean waves caused by earthquakes, underwater landslides, volcanic eruptions, or asteroids.
(iii) Tsunamis can travel 700-800 per hour with waves 10-30 meter high.
(iv) It causes flooding and disrupts transportation, power, communications, and the water supply.