(i) The Zulu tribe was known for its strong fighting spirit.
(ii) They were represented by renowned warriors like Shaka Zulu.
(iii) Shaka Zulu played a prominent role in building the largest Zulu nation in South-Eastern Africa. 
(iv) British troops invaded Zulu territory and divided it into thirteen chiefdoms.
(v) The Zulus never regained their independence and they had to fight against deeply entrenched racism in South Africa for about a century.

(i) The British Parliament repeated the Townshend Acts. But it retained the tax on tea.
(ii) This harmed the local tea trade and so it was decided to boycott this tea. In many places the colonists obstructed the import of tea.
(iii) In NewYork and Philadelphia ships carrying tea were blocked.
(iv) In December 1773, a group of men disguised themselves as Native Americans boarded the Cargo vessels and threw the tea overboard which was hailed as the Boston Tea party.
(v) It was a challenge which led to war between the rebellious colonies and England.

(i) Urban local governments are Corporation, Municipality and Town Panchayat
(ii) The area where more than 10,000 people are living is called a Town Panchayat
(iii) Municipalities were constituted in India for the first time in Chennai in 1688
(iv) Municipal Corporation are established in big cities.

The poorer sections of the people migrate for survival but migrants from better off sections migrate to improve their living standards.

(i) Saplings of native species of plants and trees are being grown planet and cared for
(ii) Live colonies of coral from the Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve are being transplanted to Palk Bay. The existing mangroves and the region are being mapped and the way land is used around the mangrove is being studied.
(iii) Along with awareness programmes, the communities are also being provided with livelihood training, so they can earn an income in more ways than just fishing.

April Revolution and democracy in Nepal.
i) On April 2006, the leaders of Nepal vibrant pre-democracy civil society movement "Seven Party Alliance" (SPA) called for a million strong demonstration.
ii) It was stage at seven different points along the Ring road encircling the capital Kathmandu.
iii) People demanded end to the autocratic rule of monarchy and restoration of total democracy.
iv) The king Gyanendra stopped down paring the way for democracy in Nepal.

(i) Food crops: Paddy, Maize, Ragi, Cumbu
(iii) Non-food crops: Coconut, Cotton, Coffee, Tea, Sugar cene.

(i) Until the last quarter of the nineteenth century Africa, South of the Sahara was almost unknown to the outside world.
(ii) The interior of Africa was unexplored.
(iii) After 1875 European penetration and colonisation began on a large scale.
(iv) European colonisation of Africa was thus accomplished smoothly without any out1break of war against major European powers.
(v) This invasion, occupation, colonisation and annexation of African territories by Europen powers between 1881 and 1914, the era of Imperialism is called the scramble for Africa.
or the partition of Africa.

(i) The Seven years war of 1756 - 63 between Britain and France had center on the control of colonies especially in North America.
(ii) Britain defeated France and took control of Canada.
(iii) But the war cost the English heavily.
(iv The British ministers proposed that the American colonists pay some of the cost of the war.
(v) So a series of taxes were imposed on the colonists.

(vi) The American colonists protested against all the above taxes.
(vii) The British Parliament did not give representation to the colonists.
(viii) The colonies did not begin fighting for the sake of independence.
(ix) Their grievances were taxation and restrictions on trade.
(x) They challenged the right of the British parliament to tax them against their will.
(xi) George Washington became the commander-in-cheif of the colonists army.
(xii) "No taxation without representation" was their famous battle cry.

(i) Scale is one of the components of map.
(ii) Scale makes it possible to reduce the size of the whole earth to show it on a piece of paper.
(iii) A scale is a ratio between the actual distance on the map to the actual distance on the ground.
(iv) Scales can be represented in three methods.
(v) They are the
(a) Statement,
(b) Representative Fraction (R.F) and
(c) Linear or Graphical scale methods.
(a) Statement Scale:
The statement scale describes the relationship of map distance to ground distance in words, such as one centimetre to ten kilometres. It is expressed as 1cm = 10 km.
What do you mean by the term
(i) It describes the proportion or ratio of the map distance to ground distance. It is usually abbreviated as R.F. It is stated as 1/100000 or 1:100000
(ii) This means that one unit on the map represents 100,000 of the same unit on the ground.
(iii) This unit may be an inch or a centimetre or any other linear measurement unit.
(b) Representative Fraction (R.F.) = \(\frac{Distance \ on \ the \ map}{Distance \ on \ the \ Ground}\)
(c) Linear (or) Graphical cale: In geography, a linear scale is represented by a straight line divided into equal parts (Primary and secondary) to show what these markings represent on the actual ground. This scale helps in the direct measurement of distance on the map.

Presidential form of government
(i) The American President is both the head of the state and the head of government. As the head of state, he occupies a ceremonial position.
(ii) The president is elected by an electoral college for a fixed tenure of four years.
(iii) He governs with the help of a cabinet or a smaller body called' Kitchen Cabinet' . It is only an advisory body.
(iv) The President and his secretaries are not responsible to the Congress for their acts.
(v) The legislative, executive and judicial powers of the government are separated.
(vi) It is also known as non-responsible or non-parliamentary or fixed executive system of government.
Difference between Presidential and Parliamentary form of government

(i) Agriculture in Tamil Nadu is dependent on ground water.
(ii) Use of ground water for agriculture creates many hardships too.
(iii) The Union Water Board is constantly monitoring the level and nature of ground water.
(iv) This continuous monitoring has categorized the panchayat union in terms of the amount of groundwater used.
(v) 139 blocks are identified as excessive users of ground water.
(vi) Only 136 blocks have enough quantity and quality water for usage.
(vii) It is very urgent and necessary to regulate the usage of underground water.

(i) Web mapping is the process of using the maps delivered by geographic information systems.
(ii) The advent of web mapping can be regarded as major new trend in cartography.
(iii) Until recently cartography was restricted to a few companies, institutes, mapping genesis.
(iv) Web mapping has brought many geographical data sets.

(i) The population growth increase when there are more births and immigration.
(ii) Unemployment, Social defence, Deforestation and Urbanisation are the mandate of population growth.

a) The clergy collected tithe (one ten of the annual produce or earnings) from the common people
b) Danton, a great leader of the Revolution, addressed the assembled crowds and threw an open challenge to other European kings. He along with Herbert and Robespierre emerged as the main leaders of the National Convention
c) Diderot and Jean d' Alembert were the two Encyclopaedists of the eighteenth century of France.
d) The Peasants provided free labour for the construction of public roads.