(i) Geographical objects in the real world are matched to program objects known as geo objects.
(ii) Geo objects include placemarks, circles, polylines, rectangles, polygons and their collections.
(iii) Place markers indicate a place on a map.

(i) It is difficult to prepare large scale maps from obtained satellite data.
(ii) The technique is very expensive for small areas requiring one time analysis.

A travelogue includes all the information required by a tourist like communication, transportation, hotels, tourist spots, health centres, ATM, petrol stations etc.

A cartographer is one who measures, analyzes and interprets geographical information to create maps and charts for political, cultural and educational purposes.

(i) Remote Sensing refers to the observation and measurement of earthly objects without touching them.
(ii) 'Remote' means far away and 'Sensing' means observing or collecting information.
(iii) Remote sensing means acquiring information of things/places from a distance, using a variety of tools and methods.

Geographers mainly use Chain, Prismatic compass, Plane table, Dumpy level, Abney level, Clinometre, Theodolite, Total Station and GNSS to measure the distance, angle, altitude and position of the area of survey.

(i) A map is the basic tool of a geographer.
(ii) It illustrates the earth's surface clearly and effectively through a combination of drawings, words and symbols.
(iii) Thus, maps form an integral part of teaching geography.
(iv) A map is a location guide.

(i) A map is the basic tool of a geographer. It illustrates the earth's surface clearly and effectively through a combination of drawings, words and symbols.
(ii) A map projection is a way of showing the spherical shaped earth on a flat piece of paper.
(iii) A map projection is a systematic transformation of the latitudes and longitudes oflocation from the surface of a sphere or an ellipsoid into locations on a plane.
(iv) A Globe is a spherical model of earth. Globe Serve similar purposes to maps but unlike maps do not disturb the surface that they portray except to scale it down. A globe of earth is called terrestrial globe.

(i) Surveying is done to measure the angle, direction, area, height and distance of an object or place on the surface of the earth using instruments.
(ii) Surveying techniques are used to obtain the field data and to prepare maps.
(iii) Hence knowledge of surveying helps to prepare physical maps.

(i) A map is a global language and it needs to be drawn according to the international standards.
(ii) Conventional signs and symbols are standard symbols used on a map and explained in the legend to convey a definite meaning.

(i) Web mapping is the process of using the maps delivered by geographic information systems.
(ii) The advent of web mapping can be regarded as major new trend in cartography.
(iii) Until recently cartography was restricted to a few companies, institutes, mapping genesis.
(iv) Web mapping has brought many geographical data sets.

(i) The location of a place can be simply defined by its latitude and longitude.
(ii) The points at which the vertical and horizontal lines of the grid intersect are called coordinates.
(iii) Therefore grid references are essential to find the exact location of a place.

Image of Earth or other planets collected by imaging satellites is operated by governments and businesses around the world.

(a) On the basis of scale, maps can be classified into:
(i) Large scale maps: Large amount of detail; can only show a small area.
(ii) Small scale map: Small amount of detail; can show a large area.
b) On the basis of utility and purpose, they are classified as:
(i) General maps / Topographic Maps (physical and political maps)
(ii) Thematic map (spatial variations of single phenomena)
(iii) Special purpose maps (Braille maps for blind people, maps for neo literates, military maps, navigational charts, etc).

(i) GPS technology has tremendous applications in everything from mobile phones, watches, bulldozers, shipping containers and ATMS.
(ii) The main purpose of GPS is to help in providing accurate transport data (distance, route and direction).
(iii) It helps in military searches and rescue in wars.
(iv) It can work as a reliable tourist guide.
(v) GPS helps during accident and rescue vefforts speeding the delivery of emergency services and disaster relief.
(vi) Weather forecasting, earthquake monitoring and environmental protection can be done effectively by using GPS.

(i) Scale is one of the components of map.
(ii) Scale makes it possible to reduce the size of the whole earth to show it on a piece of paper.
(iii) A scale is a ratio between the actual distance on the map to the actual distance on the ground.
(iv) Scales can be represented in three methods.
(v) They are the
(a) Statement,
(b) Representative Fraction (R.F) and
(c) Linear or Graphical scale methods.
(a) Statement Scale:
The statement scale describes the relationship of map distance to ground distance in words, such as one centimetre to ten kilometres. It is expressed as 1cm = 10 km.
What do you mean by the term
(i) It describes the proportion or ratio of the map distance to ground distance. It is usually abbreviated as R.F. It is stated as 1/100000 or 1:100000
(ii) This means that one unit on the map represents 100,000 of the same unit on the ground.
(iii) This unit may be an inch or a centimetre or any other linear measurement unit.
(b) Representative Fraction (R.F.) = \(\frac{Distance \ on \ the \ map}{Distance \ on \ the \ Ground}\)
(c) Linear (or) Graphical cale: In geography, a linear scale is represented by a straight line divided into equal parts (Primary and secondary) to show what these markings represent on the actual ground. This scale helps in the direct measurement of distance on the map.