d) i & iv are correct

A is correct and R is incorrect

A is correct and R is the explanation of A

(i) Many nobles who supported the monarchy fled France and lived in exile. They were known as Emigres (those who had emigrated).
(ii) This included the brothers of the King.
(iii) They lived in the frontier towns bordering France and were preparing for counterrevolutionary moves.

(i) The American colonists protested against all the taxes levied on them.
(ii) They called for a boycott of trade with Britain until all the taxes were withdrawn.
(iii) This apart, groups calling themselves "Sons of Liberty" sprang up in all the colonies in 1765 and 1766.
(iv) The Sons of Liberty acted like a political party and instilled a new political awareness among many ordinary Americans.

(i) The European planters, chiefly of tobacco, in the southern states Virginia, Carolinas and Georgia needed workers to work in the plantations.
(ii) The Native Americans resisted attempts to make them work in the plantations.
(iii) Thus the Europeans planters were in search of labour Africa.
(iv) The innocent people of Africa were captured in man-hunts and sent across the seas in a cruel and inhuman manner.

(i) The critical moment came after the king shut out the commoners and the latter assembled in the Tennis-court and took an oath that they would not disperse until they found a way out to their problems.
(ii) The king tried to use force but his own soldiers refused to obey his orders.
(ii) King Louis then intrigued to get foreign regiments to shoot down his own people.
(iii) This provoked the people to rise in revolt in Paris on 14 July 1789.
(iv) They stormed the Bastille prison and set free all the prisoners.
(v) The fall of Bastille was the first great turning point in the French revolution.

(i) Lafayette who participated in the American war of Independence came back with democratic ideals and played an active role in the French revolution.
(ii) During the French revolution he served as the Commander in Chief of French National guards.

CLERGY:
(i) Men and Women ordained for religious duties.
(ii) The clergy, despite being a minority occupied a prominent position in France.
(iii) They were exempted from taxation.
(iv) They collected tithe (one tenth of annual produce or earnings) from the common people.
THE NOBLES:
(i) Wealthy land owners.
(ii) Enjoying feudal rights.
(iii) Exemption from taxation.
(iv) They collected feudal dues from the peasants.
(v) The Nobles enjoyed hunting rights.
THE MIDDLE CLASS AND THE PEASANTS:
(i) The peasants paid taxes to the state such as taille (land tax) gabelle (Salt tax).
(ii) Burdened by the demands of the state, nobility and clergy the peasants were in despair at the prospect of dying of starvation.

(i) Quakers were the society of friends established by George Fox in England.
(ii) They were laying emphasis on Holy Spirit rejected out ward rites and an ordered ministry.
(iii) Quakers have the reputation of activity working for peace and opposing war.

(i) Reformers who led a religious movement to reform the church of England dispensing with the teachings and practice of Roman Catholic Church were known as puritans.
(ii) The Stuart kings James I and Charles I did not tolerate their attempts to reform the Church of England.
(iii) The persecution of Puritans prompted many to leave England and settle in the colonies.

(i) The French Revolution had may lasting results.
(ii) It marked the end of the system of absolute monarchy in France.
(iii) All feudal privileges were abolished and the power of clergy was curbed.
(iv) The Revolution united the people of different sections and paved the way for the enhanced power of the state.
(v) It also led to the growth of feelings of nationalism and the emergence of an assertive middle class.
(vi) Revolution up held the theory of people's sovereignty and laid the foundation for the birth of liberal constitutional governments in Europe.
(vii) Liberty, equality, and fraternity became the watchwords of freedom loving people all over the world.
(viii) It inspired many later day political movements for the establishment of liberal democracy in Europe and elsewhere.

(i) For the first time a colonial power was overthrown by the colonies, leading to the establishment of a republican government in the United States.
(ii) The Declaration of Independence of 1776 stated that, "all men are born equal." But in reality America had to fight a bitter civil war in the succeeding century to abolish slavery.
(iii) By 1777 nearly all the colonies had a written constitution. These constitutions protected individual rights, freedom of press and freedom of religion. The church and the state were separated
(iv) The intellectuals of the time believed that the republican state was the only political structure in which individuals could preserve their basic freedom including property and political rights.
(v) The conception of people's right to a government of their choice encouraged the Latin American revolutionaries to strive for the overthrow of the Spanish empire in South America.
(vi) Mirabeau quoted the Declaration of Independence with enthusiasm during the French Revolution.
(vii) Lafayette, who fought the British on Washington's side through to the conclusive battle at Yorktown in 1781, later during the French Revolution served the French National Guard as its Commander

There were many notable thinkers and writers in France in the eighteenth century. The important among them were
1. Voltaire
2. Jean Jacques Rousseau
3. Monstesquieu
VOLTAIRE:
(i) He was the most famous writer of the time on rationalistic and scientific subjects.
(ii) He criticised the church in his writings.
(iii) His famous work was 'Candide'.
(iv) He is said to have once exclaimed "I disapprove of what you say, but I will defend to the death your right to say it".
JEAN JACQUES ROUSSEAU:
(i) Another, great writer a contemporary of Voltaire but younger than him.
(ii) His political theory set the minds of many afire with new ideas and new resolves.
(iii) His ideas played an important part in preparing the people of France for the great revolution.
(iv) He famously said in his book Social contract "Man is born free, but is everywhere in chains".
(v) He argued that the laws are binding only when they are supported by the general will of the people.
MONTESQUIEU:
(i) Montesquieu who wrote, 'The personal letters' and 'The spirit of the laws' also defended liberty.
(ii) He put forward the theory of separation of powers.
(iii) The liberty of the individual would be best protected only in a government where the powers of its three organs, viz, legislature, executive and judiciary were separate.
(iv) It would put in place the necessary checks and balances to prevent any one organ from assuming more Power to itself.
ENCYCLOPAEDIA:
(i) An encyclopaedia also came out in Paris about this time and this was full of articles Diderat by and Jean di Alembert.
(ii) These philosophers and thinkers opposed religious intolerance and political and social privileges. They succeeded in provoking large numbers of ordinary people to think and act.