(i) It is against the law to employ children below 14 years of age in mines, factories or other occupations.
(ii) Neither contractor nor an employer can force a worker to do a job against their will.

Dr.B.R. Ambedkar's contribution to labourers.
(i) Reduction in Factory Working Hours (8 hours a day)
(ii) Compulsory Recognition of Trade Unions
(iii) Employment Exchange in India
(iv) Employees State Insurance (ESI)
(v) Minimum Wages
(vi) Coal and Mica Mines Provident Fund

(i) Currency is the medium of exchange in a country.
(ii) The Indian currency is called the Indian Rupee.
(iii) In a country the foreign currency is called foreign exchange.
(iv) Purchasing capacity of all currencies in the world are compared using the US dollar as the standard currency.
(v) This value differs from country to country.
(vi) Most of the international trade transactions are carried out in.US dollar.

(i) Biosphere, the fourth sphere of the Earth, is a life supporting layer that exists on the earth's surface.
(ii) This layer on earth encompasses the Lithosphere, Hydrosphere and Atmosphere.
(iii) It includes flora and fauna that thrive on or near the earth's surface.
(iv) Biosphere harbours all ecosystems on the earth and sustains life forms including mankind

(i) The Earth's water is not static.
(ii) It is always in motion.
(iii) This continuous movement of water on, above and below the earth's surface is called the Hydrological Cycle.
(iv) The three major processes involved in the water cycle are evaporation, condensation and precipitation.

(i) Renaissance most important contribution was the idea of humanism.
(ii) It marked a definite shift towards individualism, secularism and nationalism.
(iii) The introduction and practice of writing in the vernacular language enriched the growth of vernacular languages.
(iii) Renaissance made a beginning in criticizing the corrupt and wordly practices of the Church.
(iv) The curiosity kindled by the renaissance played a decisive role in the discovery of new Iand routes and remapping of the world.
(v) The spirit of adventurism and quest for knowledge impelled the mariners to sail into the high seas.

(i) The first was that cotton grew in almost all parts of India, so that the basic raw material was easily available.
(ii) Second, the technology of producing a permanent colour on cotton using vegetable dyes was known from very early times in India.
(iii) Indigo was the most important dye crop that was grown in India.

(i) Between 8^th and 7^th centuries BC(BCE) the warring states in China built defensive walls to protect themselves from enemies from the north.
(ii) During Chin dynasty the separated walls were connected and consequently the wall.
(iv) This wall is considered to be one of the wonders of the world, stretched from east to west for about 5000 kilometres.
(v) Served to keep nomadic tribes out. Now it is 6700 kilometers in length.

(i) St. Sophia Cathedral was built in mid-sixth century AD (CE).
(ii) It was the most magnificent building in Europe.
(iii) It was known for its innovative architectural techniques.
(iv) This Cathedral was turned into a mosque by the Ottoman Turks when they captured Constantinople.

(i) Prisoners of war were enslaved in Rome.
(ii) Big landlords bought slaves cheaply and used them to cultivate their estate.
(iii) The slave population grew and by the 1^st century BC(BCE) there were two million.
(iv) Slave labour led to the impoverishment of free labour.
(v) Many poor peasants had to abandon their children who also ended up in the slave markets.

(i) Salt in the ocean comes from rocks on land.
(ii) The rain that falls on the land contains some dissolved carbon dioxide from the surrounding air. This causes the rainwater to be slightly acidic due to carbonic acid (which forms from carbon dioxide and water).
(iii) As the rain erodes the rock, acids in the rainwater break down the rock. This process creates ions, or electrically charged atomic particles. These ions are carried away in run off to streams and rivers and ultimately to the ocean.
(iv) Many of the dissolved ions are used by organisms in the ocean and are removed from the water. Others are not used up and are left for long periods of time where their concentrations increase over time.
(v) Two of the most prevalent ions in seawater are chloride and sodium. Together, they make up over 90 percent of all dissolved ions in the ocean. Sodium and Chloride are 'salty'. So, the oceans are salty

(i) One has to visit the bank and fill in a challan or produce a cheque to withdraw money from his account.
(ii) Now this practice is gradually vanishing.
(iii) Instead, one can easily withdraw the necessary amount from an Automated Teller Machine (ATM), with the help of an ATM debit card.
(iv) One can easily withdraw the money needed at any time at ATMs located everywhere.
(v) A person can deposit money in their account without visiting the branch.
(vi) Similarly, credit cards are also available, through which things are bought on credit and the amount can be paid later.
(vii) Nowadays, instead of using cheques or Demand Drafts (DDs), online transactions through net banking are carried out.
(viii) Through this, money is transacted to anyone who lives anywhere across the globe.
(ix) Technology has advanced so much that even mobile banking is widely used nowadays.

(i) Romans followed new arch techniques which allowed the construction of aqueducts, Colosseums, basilicas and amphitheatres. Not only have many of these structures lasted for thousands of years, but the techniques are still in use today.
(ii) The system of Republic followed by Romans served as a model for others.
(iii) The Romans were also skilled at making solid long-lasting forms of concrete.
(iv) The Romans enjoyed entertainment such as chariot races, gladiator battles, plays at the theatre etc., some of them are enjoyed even today.
(v) Their roads were well engineered, designed to last and allowed for fast travel across the empire.
(vi) The Roman Emperor Augustus started the first courier service.
(vii) Roman law included all facets of life in the ancient empire. The Romans helped shape best practice in the legal system.
(viii) Roman Emperors like Trajan established social welfare schemes.
(ix) They had a very good knowledge about medical tools.
(x) The Roman were greatly admired for their city planning.
(xi) The Roman culture was the foundation of western culture and linguistics which on its turn was spread all around the world.

The Arabian sea nestled up against the dry middle East, appears much saltier than the neighbouring Bay of Bengal which gets showered by intense monsoon rains and receives fresh water discharges from the Ganges and other large rivers.

(i) After years and years of river inflow and evaporation, the salt content of the lake water built up to the present levels.
(ii) The same process made the seas salty.
(iii) Rivers carry dissolved salts to the ocean.
(iv) Water evaporates from the oceans to fall again as rain and to feed the rivers, but the salt remains in the oceans.
Therefore the ocean waters are saline in nature.

This layer on earth encomposses the Lithosphere, Hydrosphere and Atmosphere. Biosphere is made up of different eco-systems.

a) Both A and R are correct and R explains A

i) The Nayak Kingdom came up in Senji.

(iii) is correct.