(i) Hitler followed an aggressive foreign policy and acquired quick successes. For him War was the way out of approaching economic crisis. He was of the opinion that resources were to be accumulated through expansion of territory. 
(ii) He pulled out of League of Nations in 1933 and reoccupied Rhineland in 1936.
(iii) He integrated Austria and Germany in 1938 under the slogan; One people, One empire and One leader.
(iv) In 1938 he went on to seize German speaking Sudetenland from Czechoslovakia and gobbled up the whole country. These quick successes at home and abroad reversed the destiny of Germany under Hitler. Till this point England and France followed a policy of appeasement towards Hitler.
(v) In September 1939, Germany invaded Poland. This started a war with France and England and engulfed the world into another World War.
(vi) In September 1940 a Tripartite Pact was signed between Germany, Italy and Japan, strengthening Hitler's claim to international power. Puppet regimes supportive of Nazi Germany were installed in a large part of Europe. By the end of 1940, Hitler was at the pinnacle of his power.
(vii) Hitler attacked the Soviet Union in June 1941 to achieve his long-term aim of conquering Eastern Europe but was defeated.He wanted to ensure food supplies and living space for Germans.
(viii) Schacht had advised Hitler against investing hugely in rearmament as the state still ran on deficit financing.

(i) In the past, peasants and workers participated in revolts against increasing taxes and food scarcity.
(ii) They lacked the means and programmes to carry out full-scale measures that would bring about change in the social and economic order.
(iii) The middle class which constituted within it the educated and moneyed section of the third estate were greatly influenced by the rational ideas of the French intellectuals. They enjoyed no political rights or social status.
(iv) The intellectuals inspired the middle class and they envisaged a society based on merit not birth.
(v)The middle class provided the peasants and workers the vital leadership to help bring about change in the social and economic order.

(i) Jacobin clubs became an important rallying point for people who wished to discuss government policies and plans and their own forms of action.
(ii) In 1792, the Jacbins planned an insurrection of large number of Parisians who were angered by short supplies and high food proces.
(iii) On the morning of August 10,1792. They stormed the Palace of the Tuileries, massacred the king's greeds and held the king as hostage for several hours.
(iv) Later the Assembly voted to imprison the royal family.
(v) Elections were held and from then all men of 21 years regardless of wealth were given thr right to vote.
(vi) The newly elected assembly was called the Convention.
(vii) On 21 Sept 1792 it abolished the monarch and declared France a republic.
(viii) They ruled France under their leader Maximilian Robespierre from 1793 to 1740. Robespierre's reign was known as 'Reign of Terror'.

Three legislative powers of the President of India are
(i) The President is not a member of either house of the Parliament. But she is an integral part of the legislative process. She plays an important role in making of laws.
(ii) The President has the power to dissolve the Lok Sabha. She can summon joint sitting of both houses of Parliament.
(iii) The President has the power to send messages to either house of the Parliament either regarding any pending bill or any other matter.

The three major functions of Election Commission of India are
(i) Election commission takes decisions on every aspect of conduct and control of elections.
(ii) It implements the code of conduct and can punish any candidate or party that violates it.
(iii) It controls the government officers who are posted on the election duty.

The making of the Constitution for a huge and diverse country like India was not an easy affair. The country was born through a partition which was a traumatic experience.
The major factors which contributed to the making of our Constitution were
(i) At that time, people of India were emerging from the status of subjects to that of citizens. They became conscious of their rights and privileges.
(ii) Our leaders gained confidence to learn from other countries, but on our own terms. Many of them were inspired by the ideals of the French Revolution.
(iii) They were also influenced by the practices of Parliamentary democracy in Britain and the Bill of Rights in the US.

(a) An international organisation established in 1945 that includes most countries of the world and serve as an international platform to spread peace negotiation.
(b) General Assembly is like the parliament where all the discussion takes place.
(c) Every one of the 193 member states of the UN has one vote in the UN General Assembly.
(d) It meets in regular years session under a president elected form among the countries.

Most of the newly independent republics adopted Democratic government.

- Nkrumah got himself elected president of Ghana for life.
- In 1966, he was overthrown by the military of Ghana.

Salvador Allende was elected as the President of Chile in 1970.
Allende had taken several policy decisions to help the poor and the workers.
 (i) These included reform of the educational system
 (ii) Free milk for children
 (iii) Redistribution of land to the landless farmers. 
 (iv) He was opposed to foreign companies taking away natural resources like copper from the country

The Peninsular plateau is a tableland composed M old crystalline, igneous and metamorphic rocks. It was formed due to breaking and drifting of Gondwana land, thus making it a part of the oldest landmass. This plateau has broad and shallow valleys and rounded hills. The Peninsular plateau consists of two broad divisions, namely the Central Highlands and the Deccan Plateau.
Central Highlands
(i) The part of the Peninsular plateau lying to the North of the Narmada river covering a major area of the Malwa plateau is known as Central Highlands.
(ii) The Vindhyan range is bounded by the Central Highlands on the South and the Aravalis on the North-West. The westward extension gradually merges with the sandy and rocky desert of Rajasthan.
(iii) The flow of the rivers draining this region, namely the Chambal, Sind, Betwa and Ken, is from South-West to North-East, thus indicating the slope.
(iv) The Central Highlands are wider in the West, but narrower in the East.
(v) The eastward extensions of this plateau are locally known as Bundelkhand and Baghelkhand. The Chota Nagpur plateau marks the further eastward extension being drained by the Damodar river.
Deccan Plateau
This triangular area lies South of the Narmada. The Satpura mountain range marks its broad boundary in the North. The plateau is separated from the hills in the North-East by a geological fault. The hills are Garo, Khasi and Jaintia. The Western Ghats cause orographic rain by forcing the rain bearing moist monsoon winds to rise along the Western slopes of the ghats. The part of the plateau known as Deccan Trap contains black soil of volcanic origin.

(i) Yes, the two documents are consistent.
(ii) Yes, the two documents convey the same idea-human beings are born equal and all citizens are equal in the eyes of law.

(i) Haryana
(ii) M.P.
(iii) Chhattisgarh
(iv) Jharkhand

Reasons why Soviet Union was considered a danger by many countries after the World War I were:
(i) The communist ideology of the Soviet Union was viewed as a threat to the social and economic system of the Western European countries.
(ii) There was fear in many capitalist countries of Western Europe that Soviet Union was helping many countries to turn communist.

Issue price. The price at which foodgrains are issued by the government to deficit areas is known as Issue Price. This price is lesser than the market price.

1. I visited some poor families near my locality and observed many things about these families in terms of their way of living and their day-to-day struggle. One common thing which I found for all these poor families is that thay live in very inhuman conditions. Based on my observation, I would like to answer the questions given above.
2. These poor families belong to poor sections of the society and they are mostly 'dalits' or OBC (other backward class).

No, the dynamics of poverty reduction the same in rural and urban India.
1. Urban area poverty has decreased at a much higher rate due to improved infrastructure facilities and industrialization.
2. Also, urban area poverty decreased even after a huge number of population migrated from rural areas for better earning opportunities.

Historical reasons:
(a) Low level of economic development under the British rule
(i) The policies of the colonial government ruined traditional handicrafts.
(ii) These policies also discouraged development of industries and textiles.
(iii) This resulted in less job opportunities and low growth rate of income.
(b) High growth rate of population
(i) Combined with low development and growth of population make the growth rate of per capita income very low.

Poverty is a phenomenon where a section of population of a country does not have access to basic needs of life like food, shelter and clothing.The degree of poverty may be more or less in different countries but its existence is all over the world.

Cultural and educational right, right to freedom of religion.

Our constitution provides for equality to all and to take up any profesion as desired by any citizen.Women are no exception and can take up any job of profession, as they want. There is constitutional protection to all.

Lok Sabha