Under colonial rule, the scale of hunting increased to such an extent that various species became almost extinct because:
(i) The British saw large animals as sign of a wild, primitives and savage society.
(ii)They believed that by killing dangerous animals they would civilise India and gave out rewards to people for killing large animals
(iii) They saw large animals as a threat to cultivators.

Sitarama Raju

In scientific Forestry
(i) Natural forests which had different types of trees were cut down and new ones belonging to one tree type were planted in rows. This is called as plantation .
(ii) Forest officials surveyed the forests. They estimated the area under different types of trees and made working plans for the forest management. They planned how much of the plantation area was to be cut every year.
(iii) The cleared area was replanted to enable recutting after some years.

Dietrich Brandis was a German expert invited by the British for advice. He was the first Inspector General of forests in India.
His achievement in India was setting up the Indian Forest Service in 1864.

Dietrich Brandis was the First Inspector General of Forests in India.
(i) Proper system had to be introduced to manage the forests and people had to be trained in the science of conservation. Legal sanctions were needed for forest management.
(ii) Rules about the use of forest resources had to be formed
(iii) Felling of trees and grazing had to be restricted so that forests could be preserved for timber production.
(iv) Anybody who cut trees without following the system was to be punished.
(v) He set up the Indian Forest Service in 1864 and helped formulate the Indian Forest Act of 1865. In 1906 the Imperial Forest Research Institute was set up in Dehradun.

Colonial rulers consider forests as unproductive because:
(i) they regarded forests as wilderness
(ii) they did not yield any agricultural products
(iii) they yielded no revenue and income for the state.

The colonial government regarding forests as wilderness and unproductive that had to be brought under cultivation so that land could yield agricultural products and revenue and enhance the income of the state.

The causes of deforestation in India during colonial rule were:
(i) Increase in population, leading to growth in demand for food. This led to the extension of land under cultivation at the expense of forests.
(b) The colonial government thought that forests were unproductive because they brought in no revenue. They encouraged the clearing of forests for cultivation to increase their revenue.
(ii) The British encouraged the production of commercial crops like jute, sugar, coffee. The demand for these crops increased in the 19th century. Peasants cleared forests to increase cultivation and their profits.
(iii) Demand for timber increased due to the expansion of railways. Forest wood was needed to make sleepers hold the tracks together and as fuel for locomotives.
(iv) By the early 19th century, oak forests in England were disappearing. This created a problem of timber supply for building ships for the Royal Navy. Teak and sal forests were mercilessly cut in India to meet the demands of the Royal Navy.
(v) Large areas of forests were also cleared to make way for plantation crops. E.g., rubber.

The causes of deforestation in India during colonial rule were:
(i) Increase in population, leading to growth in demand for food. This led to the extension of land under cultivation at the expense of forests.
(b) The colonial government thought that forests were unproductive because they brought in no revenue. They encouraged clearing of forests for cultivation to increase their revenue.
(ii) The British encouraged the production of commercial crops like jute, sugar, coffee. The demand for these crops increased in the 19th century. Peasants cleared forests to increase cultivation and their profits.
(iii) Demand for timber increased due to the expansion of railways. Forest wood was needed to make sleepers hold the tracks together and as fuel for locomotives.
(iv) By the early 19th century, oak forests in England were disappearing. This created a problem of timber supply for building ships for the Royal Navy. Teak and sal forests were mercilessly cut in India to meet the demands of the Royal Navy.
(v) Large areas of forests were also cleared to make way for plantation crops. E.g., rubber.

The colonial managers of Bastar were the British, while those of Java were the Dutch.
Similarities
(a) In both cases, forests came to be owned by the state.
(b) They restricted villagers from practicing shifting cultivation.
(c) They enacted laws to allow themselves to exploit forest trees for timber, to build ships and railways, to protect and further their imperial interests.
(d) Both enacted forest laws to restrict villager's access to forests, grazing, etc.
(e) Both were exploitative by nature, they displaced the local communities from their traditional means of livelihood, and exploited them to further their interests. Defaulters of forest laws were harassed, punished and fined.
(g) Both introduced exploitative policies to get the support of the locals. The British introduced 'Forest villages'. Under this, some villages were allowed to stay on in the reserved forests on the condition that they would work free for the forest department and would help in cutting and transporting trees and protecting the forests from fire.
(g)In Java, the Dutch introduced the Blandongdiensten system. Under this, the villages were exempted from rent if they would work collectively to provide free labour and animals for cutting and transporting timber.
(h) Policies of management in both cases resulted in the enforcement of alien concepts of private property, taxes and penetration of forest societies by outsiders.
(i) The atrocities of the managers led to increasing frustration among the forest communities, which found an outlet in rebellions. These rebellions though crushed with a heavy hand were not without results.