(i) India has a written constitution and is one of the lengthiest in the world.
(ii) It proides for parlimentary for of government . Parlimentary.
(iii) Independent judiciary system.

The basic values embodied into institutional arrangements were
(i) The value of the universal adult franchise was embodied by laying down a procedure for choosing persons to govern the country, i.e., how elections will be conducted.
(ii) The value of right to freedom and equality was embodied by providing fundamental rights to all citizens, which will not be violated.
(iii) The Value of being in accordance with people's aspirations and changes in society was embodied by provisions to incorporate changes from time to time, which are called constitutional amendments.

The making of the Constitution for a huge and diverse country like India was not an easy affair. The country was born through a partition which was a traumatic experience. The major factors which contributed to the making of our Constitution were
(i) At that time, people of India were emerging from the status of subjects to that of citizens. They became conscious of their rights and privileges.
(ii) Our leaders gained confidence to learn from other countries, but on our own terms. Many of them were inspired by the ideals of the French Revolution.
(iii) They were also influenced by the practices of Parliamentary democracy in Britain and the Bill of Rights in the US.
(iv) Social Revolution in Russia inspired many Indians to think of shaping a system based on social and economic equality.
(v) The makers of the Constitution were not simply imitating the Constitution of other countries. At each step, they were questioning whether the values and ideals they accepted suited our country or not.

The making of the Constitution for a huge and diverse country like India was not an easy affair. The country was born through a partition which was a traumatic experience.
The major factors which contributed to the making of our Constitution were
(i) At that time, people of India were emerging from the status of subjects to that of citizens. They became conscious of their rights and privileges.
(ii) Our leaders gained confidence to learn from other countries, but on our own terms. Many of them were inspired by the ideals of the French Revolution.
(iii) They were also influenced by the practices of Parliamentary democracy in Britain and the Bill of Rights in the US.

The system of apartheid followed in South Africa was unjust and racist because
(i) The blacks were forbidden from living in white areas. They could work in white areas only if they had a permit.
(ii) Trains, buses, taxis, hotels, hospitals, schools and colleges, libraries, cinema halls, theatres, beaches, swimming pools, public toilets, churches, ere were all separate for the whites and blacks.
(iii) Blacks could not form associations or protest against the terrible treatment.
Thus, the apartheid system was particularly oppressive for the blacks.

(i) They accepted the supremacy of the constitution
(ii) One person one vote
(iii) The principle of majority rule was accepted
(iv) Rights for the poor and the workers also given.
(v) They agreed that the majority would not take away the property of the white minority.

India has a written constitution, so that both the union Government and state government can refer to it. It establishes supremacy of the constitution as to be independent in their spheres of governance.

The familiarity of working of political institutions of colonial rule also helped Indians to develop an agreement over the institutional design
1. Elections for Provincial Legislatures and Ministers in 1937 helped Indians to gain experiences in the working of the legislative institutions.
2. These experiences proved very useful for the country in setting up its own institutions and working in them.

The landmark years in the making of the Indian Constitution are:
As far back as in 1928, Motilal Nehru and eight other Congress leaders drafted a constitution for India.
(i) The experience of freedom struggle had given the freedom fighters enough wisdom to frame a constitution. Almost everyone accepted some basic ideas regarding the future of the nation and the constitution.
(ii) As far back as in 1928, Motilal Nehru and eight other Congress leaders drafted a Constitution for India.
(iii) In 1931, the resolution at the Karachi session of the Indian National Congress dwelt on how independent India's Constitution should look like.
(iv) Both these documents were committed to the inclusion of universal adult franchise, right to freedom and equality and to protecting the rights of minorities in the constitution of independent India.
(v) The familiarity with political institutions of the colonial rule also helped develop an agreement over the institutional design.
(vi) Elections for Provincial Legislatures and Ministries in 1937 helped Indians to gain experiences in the working of the legislative institutions proved very useful for the country in setting up its own institutions and working in them.
(vii) Many of our leaders were inspired by the ideals of the French Revolution, the practice of parliamentary democracy in Britain and the Bill of Rights in the US, the Russia revolution, and other democratic practices.

The Constitution of a country is a set of written rules and laws that are accepted by all people living together. It is the supreme law that determines the nature of government and various principles on which the country will be governed 
The importance of the Constitution  is as follows:
1. It ensures that people living in a country trust and respects each other
2. It defines the nature and type of the government that will be constituted, and the powers of the organs of the government
3. It lays down limits on the powers of the government and defines the rights of the citizens
4. It expresses the aspirations and the dream of the nation.

From 1950 onwards common South African people, Indians and many whites also joined the ANC fought against the apartheid system.
1. The African National Congress (ANC) led the struggle against the policies of segregation.
2. Since 1950, the blacks colored and Indians fought against the apartheid system.
3. They launched protest marches and strikes
4. Many worker's unions and the Communist Party joined the movement.
5. Many whites also joined the ANC to oppose apartheid.

In India, British occupied it and ruled over without any interest to settle down whereas in South Africa a large number of 'whites' settled and became the local rulers.