(i) No. there is no scientific proof for this statement. During day time photosynthesis takes place oxygen is evolved.
(ii) This reaction requires light hence the above statement is incorrect.

This is due to the immobile nature of minerals, Eg: Calcium.

The hormone oestrogen is secreted by the ovaries.
1. It stimulates the pituitary gland to release Luteinizing hormone which induces ovulation and maintains corpus luteum. Ovulation is the release of egg from the ovary by rupture of follicular cells.
2. It stops production of follicular stimulating hormone so that only one egg mature in a cycle.

(i) Blood consists of 60% of plasma and 40% of blood cells.

(ii) Red blood cells are nucleated containing haemoglobin (red pigment) and these are oval shaped.
(iii) Leucocytes are nucleated and circular in shape.

(a) Clitellum Location: 14^th to 17^th segments appears as unsegmented externally
(b) Spermathecal openings: Location 6/7, 7/8 and 8/9 segments.

(i) Four species of cockroachs destroy food and contaminate them with their offensive odour.
(ii) Their mere presence is a sign of unhygenic condition and they are also known as the carriers of many bacterial diseases.
Eg: The allergen of cockroach can cause asthma or hypersensitivity among the human beings.

(i) In the gastrula stage of embryo on the root of gastrocoel an archenteron is formed.
(ii) Archenteron develops chordodorsatis or notochord dorsally.
(iii) Its anterior end forms brain and posterior axis form spinal cord.
Eg: Hemichordates and chordates.

Category	Compound
Nucleoside	Uracil

A Nitrogenous base is linked to pentose sugar through a n-Glycosidic linkage and forms a nucleoside.

(i) Corti first observed protoplasm Felix Dujardin (1835) observed a living juice in animal cell and called it "Sarcode". Purkinje (1839) coined the term protoplasm for sap inside a plant cell. Hugo Van Mohl (1846) indicated importance of protoplasm.
(ii) Max Schultze (1861) established similarity between Protoplasm and Sarcode and O. Hertwig (1892) proposed a theory which later on called 'protoplasm theory' Huxley (1868) proposed protoplasm as a "physical basis of life".

(i) In the previous chapter we noticed a wide range of thallus organization in Algae. 
(ii) Majority of them are aquatic. The development of heterotrichous habit, development of parenchyma tissue, dichotomous branching in some algae supports the view that colonization of plants in land occurred in the past. 
(iii) Bryophytes are simplest and most primitive plant groups descended from alga-like ancestors. They are simple embryophytes. 
(iv) Let us learn about the structure and reproduction of these primitive land plants called Bryophytes in detail. 
(v) Bryophytes are simplest land inhabiting cryptogams and are restricted to moist, shady habitats. They lack vascular tissue and hence called 'Non-vascular cryptogams'. 
(vi) They are also called as 'amphibians of plant kingdom' because they need water for completing their life cycle.

Somatotropic hormone is important for normal growth because it performs several duties like.
(i) It promotes growth of all the tissues and metabolic process of the body.
(ii) It promotes the metabolism of Carbohydrates, proteins and lipids and increases the rate of protein biosynthesis in the cells.
(iii) It increases the release of fatty acids from adipose tissue and decreases the rate of glucose utilization for energy by the cells. It helps to minerals retention in the body like nitrogen, potassium, phosphorous and sodium.
(iv) The hyper secretion and hypo secretion of growth hormones leads to several disorders like dwarfism, gigantism and acromegaly.

Limulus or the King crab continues to remain unchanged for the past 190 million years. Hence it is called living fossil

S.No	Criteria	Monera
1.	Cell type	Prokaryotic
2.	Level of organization	Mostly unicellular, rarely Multicellular
3.	Cell wall	Present (made up of peptidoglycan and mucopeptides)
4.	Nutrition	Autotrophic (Phototrophic, Chemoautotrophic) Heterotrophic (Parasitic and Saprophytic)
5.	Motility	Motile or non-motile
6.	Organisms	Archaebacteria, Eubacteria, Cyanobacteria, Actinomycetes and Mycoplasma

S.no Prokaryotes Eukaryotes 1 It is unicellular It is unicellular and Multicellular 2 Many prokaryotes contain a single circular chromosome Eukaryotes contain multiple linear chromosomes 3 Prokaryotic chromosomes are condensed in the nucleoid via DNA super coiling Eukaryotic chromosomes are condensed in membrane bound nucleus via histones 4 In prokaryotes transcription and translation occur simultaneously in the cytoplasm In eukaryotes transcription occurs in nucleus and translation occurs in cytoplasm 5 Most prokaryotes contain only one copy of each gene that is they are haploid Most eukaryotes contain two copies of each gene that is they are diploid 6 Extra chromosomal DNA (i.e.) plasmids are present Eg: Bacteria Plasmids are absent. Eg: Plant cell, Animal cell

(i) Plant Collection: Plant specimen with flower or fruit is collected.
(ii) Documentation of field site data: Certain data are to be recorded at the time of plant collection. It includes date, time, country, state, city, specific locality information, latitude, longitude, elevation and land mark information. These data will be typed onto a herbarium label.
(iii) Preparation of plant specimen: Plant specimen collected from the field is pressed immediately with the help of portable field plant press. Plant specimen is transferred to a standard plant press (12" x 18") which between two outer 12" x 18" frames and secured by two straps.
(iv) Mounting herbarium specimen: The standard size of herbarium sheet is used for mounting the specimen (29cm x 41cm). specimens are affixed to herbarium sheet with standard white glue or solution of Methylcellulose.
(v) Herbarium label: Herbarium label size is generally 4-5" wide and 2-3" tall. A typical label contains all information like habit, habitat, vegetation type, land mark information, latitude, longitude, image document, collection number, date of collection and name of the collector.
(vi) Protection of herbarium sheets against mold and insects: Application of 2% Mercuric chloride, Naphthalene, DDT, carbon disulphide. Fumigation using formaldehyde. Presently deep freezing(-20°C) method is followed throughout the world.

Digestion in the stomach:
1. Food remains in the stomach for 4 to 5 hours, the rhythmic peristaltic movement churns and mixes the food with gastric juice and make it into a creamy liquid called chyme.
2. The gastric secretion is partly controlled by autonomic reflexes.
3. The secretion of gastric juice begins when the food is in the mouth.
4. The gastric juice contains HCI and proenzymes. The proenzyme pepsinogen, on exposure to HCI gets converted into the active enzyme pepsin which converts proteins into proteoses and peptones (peptides).
5. The HCI provides an acidic medium (PH1.8) which is optimum for pepsin, kills bacteria and other harmful organisms and avoids putrefaction.

6. The mucus and bicarbonates present in the gastric juice play an important role in lubrication and protection of the mucosal epithelium from the eroding nature of the highly acidic HCI.
7. Another proteolytic enzyme found in gastric juice of infants is rennin helps in the digestion of milk protein, caseinogen to casein in the presence of calcium ions. This enzyme secretion gradually reduces with aging.

S.No	Monopodial Branching	Sympodial branching
1	Indeterminate: The terminal bud grows uninterrupted and produce several lateral branches. This type of growth is also known as monopodial branching. Example: Polyalthia, Swietenia.	Determinate: The terminal bud cease to grow after a period of growth and further growth is taken care by successive or several lateral meristem or buds. This type of growth is also known as sympodial branching. Example: Cycas.

Factors affecting the rate of enzyme reactions: Enzymes are sensitive to environmental conditions. It could be affected by temperature, pH, substrate concentration and enzyme concentration. The rate of enzyme reaction is measured by the amount of substrate changed or amount of product formed, during a period of time.
1. Temperature: Heating increases molecular motion. Thus the molecules of the substrate and enzyme move more quickly resulting in a greater probability of a reaction occurring. The temperature that promotes maximum activity is referred to as optimum temperature.

2. pH: The optimum pH is that at which the maximum rate of reaction occurs. Thus the pH change leads to an alteration of enzyme shape, including the active site. If extremes of pH are encountered by an enzyme, then it will be denatured.

3. Substrate concentration: For a given enzyme concentration, the rate of an enzyme reaction increases with increasing substrate concentration.

4. Enzyme concentration: The rate of reaction is directly proportional to the enzyme concentration.
5. Michaelis-Menten Concept: When the initial rate of reaction of an enzyme is measured over a range of substrate concentrations (with a fixed amount of enzyme) and the results plotted on a graph. With increasing substrate concentration, the velocity increases - rapidly at lower substrate concentration.
6. Inhibitors of Enzyme: Certain substances present in the cells may react with the enzyme and lower the rate of reaction. These substances are called inhibitors. It is of two types competitive and non-competitive.