1. Tobacco mosaic
2. Cauliflower mosaic
3. Sugarcane mosaic
4. Potato leaf roll
5. Bunchy top of banana 
6. Leaf curl of papaya 
7. Vein clearing of Lady's finger 
8. Rice tungro disease
9. Cucumber mosaic 
10. Toinato mosaic disease.

1. 1796 Edward Jenner used vaccination for small pox 1886 Adolf Mayer demonstrated the infectious nature of Tobacco mosaic virus using sap of mosaic leaves 
2. 1892 Dimitry Ivanowsky proved that viruses are smaller than bacteria
3. 1898 M.W. Beijierink defined the infectious agent in tobacco leaves as 'Contagium vivum fluidum'
4. 1915 F.W.Twort identified Viral infection in Bacteria
5. 1917 d'Herelie coined the term 'Bacteriophage' 
6. 1984 Luc Montagnier and Robert Gallo discovered HIV (Human Immuno Deficiency Virus).

1. All organisms are capable of sensing their environment and respond to various physical, chemical and biological stimuli. Animals sense their surroundings by sense organs.
2. This is called Consciousness.
3. Plants also respond to the stimuli.
4. Bending of plants towards sunlight, the closure of leaves in touch-me-not plant to touch are some examples for response to stimuli in plants.
5. This type of response is called Irritability.

	ANABOLISM	CATABOLISM
1.	Building up process	Breaking down process
2.	Smaller molecules combine together to form larger molecule	Larger molecule break into smaller units
3.	Chemical energy is formed and stored	The stored chemical energy is released and used
4.	Eg: Synthesis of proteins from amino acids	Eg: Breaking down of glucose to CO2 and water

During crop rotations and mixed cropping. Farmers plant leguminous crops to increase the soil fertility.

S.No	Beneficial aspects	Bacteria	Role
1.	Ammonification	1. Bacillus ramosus 2.Bacillus mycoides	Convert complex proteins in the dead bodies of plants and animals into ammonia which is later converted into ammonium salt
2.	Nitrification	1. Nitrobacter 2. Nitrosomonas	Convert ammonium salts into nitrites and nitrates
3.	Nitrogen fixation	1. Azotobacter 2. Clostridium 3. Rhizobium	(i) Converting atmospheric nitrogen into organic nitrogen
			(ii) The nitrogenous compounds are also oxidized to nitrogen
			(iii) All these activities of bacteria increase soil fertility

Transformation:
1. Transfer of DNA from one bacterium to another is called transformation.

2. In 1928 the bacteriologist Frederick Griffith demonstrated transformation in Mice using Diplococcus pneumoniae.
3. Two strains of this bacterium are present. One strain produces smooth colonies and are virulent in nature(S type). In addition another strain produced rough colonies and are avirulent (R type).
4. When S-type of cells were injected into the mouse, the mouse died. When R-type of cells were injected, the mouse survived.
5. When he injected heat killed S-type cells into the mouse the mouse did not die.
6. When the mixture of heat killed S-type cells and R-type cells were injected into the mouse. The mouse died.
7. The avirulent rough strain of Diplococcus had been transformed into S-type cells.
8. The hereditary material of heat killed S-type cells had transformed R-type cell into virulent smooth strains.
9. Thus the phenomenon of changing the character of one strain by transferring the DNA of another strain into the former is called Transformation.

(i) The symbiotic association between algae and fungi is called lichens.
(ii) The algal partner is called Phycobiont or Photobiont and the fungal partner is called Mycobiont.
(iii) Algae provide nutrition for fungal partner in turn fungi provide protection and also help to fix the thallus to the substratum through rhizinae.
(iv) Asexual reproduction takes place through fragmentation, Soredia and Isidia. Phycobionts reproduce by akinetes, hormogonia, aplanospore, etc., Mycobionts undergo sexual reproduction and produce ascocarps.
Classification:
(i) Based on the habitat lichens are classified into following types: Corticolous (on Bark) Lignicolous (on Wood) Saxicolous (on rocks) Terricolous (on ground) Marine (on siliceous rocks of sea) Fresh water(on siliceous rock of fresh water).
(ii) On the basis of morphology of the thallus they are divided into Leprose (a distinct fungal layer is absent) Crustose-crust like; Foliose-leaf like; Fruticose-branched pendulous shrub like.
(iii) The distribution of algal cells distinguishes lichens into two forms namely Homoiomerous (Algal cells evenly distributed in the thallus) and Heteromerous (a distinct layer of algae and fungi present)
(iv) If the fungal partner of lichen belongs to ascomycetes, it is called Ascolichen and if it is basidiomycetes it is called Basidiolichen.

(i) R.H.Whittaker, an American taxonomist proposed five kingdom classification in the year 1969.
(ii) The Kingdoms include Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae and Animalia.
(iii) The criteria adopted for the classification include cell structure, thallus organization, mode of nutrition, reproduction and phylogenetic relationship. The merits and demerits are as follows:
Merits:
(i) The classification is based on the complexity of cell structure and organization of thallus.
(ii) It is based on the mode of nutrition.
(iii) Separation of fungi from plants.
(iv) It shows the phylogeny of the organisms.
Demerits:
(i) The kingdom Monera and Protista accommodate both autotrophic and heterotrophic organisms, cell wall lacking and cell wall bearing organisms thus making these two groups more heterogeneous.
(ii) Viruses were not included in the system.
 

1. Fungi reproduce both by asexual and sexual methods. The asexual phase is called Anamorph and the sexual phase is called Teleomorph.
2. Fungi having both phases are called Holomorph.

The photosynthetic pigments include c-phyocyanin and c-phycoerythrin along with myxoxanthin and myxoxanthophyll.

1. The 'eye' of potato tuber, is an axillary bud which sprouts and forms shoots.
Underground stem - Tuber is a means of vegetative propagation whereas carrot is a storage root and roots do not produce buds / shoots

1. Lactobacillus lactis, a bacterium present in curd acts on milk protein and helps to form curd.
2. The sourness is due to lactic acid production

Yes a complete virus particle refers to virus with capsid and nucleic acid. Viruses cannot infect a host. If nucleic acid is not present.