Species plantarum (1753) and systema Naturae (1758).

e-Taxonomic resources - INOTAXA is an electronic resource for digital images and description about the species which was developed by Natural History Museum, London. INOTAXA means INtegrated Open TAXonomic Access

1. ALIS - Automated Leafhopper Identification system.
2. DAISY - Digital Automated Identification system.

1. Taxonomical keys
2. Museum
3. Zoological park
4. Printed Taxonomical tools
5. Marine parks

The practice of naming the animals in which the generic name and species name are the same is called Tautonymy. Eg: Naja naja (The Indian Cobra).

1. In a cladogram, a shared character is one that two lineages have in common
2. Derived character is one that evolved in the lineage leading up to a clade.

Threatened species - Species which are vulnerable to endangerment in the near future.

(i) It is a group of closely related species which have evolved from a common ancestor.
(ii) Types.
(a) Monotypic:
In some genus there is only one species.
Eg: Red Panda is the only species in the genus Ailurus: Ailurus fulgens.
(b) Polytypic:
There are more than one species in the genus
Eg: 'cats' come under the genus
Felis which has a number of closely related species like
Felis domestica (domestic cat)
Felis margarita (jungle cat)
Felis silvestris (wild cat)

Cavalier-Smith revised' the six-kingdom system to Seven Kingdom system. The concept of superkingdom was introduced and revised to seven kingdom classification. The classification is divided into two Super Kingdoms (Prokaryota and Eukaryota) and seven kingdoms, two Prokaryotic Kingdoms (Eubacteria and Archaebacteria) and five Eukaryotic Kingdoms (Protozoa, Chromista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia).

1. Carl Woese and his coworkers classified organisms based on the difference in 16s rRNA genes.
2. This system adds the taxon 'domain' higher than, the kingdom.
3. Prokaryotes are separated into two domains - Bacteria and Archaea and all the Eukaryotes are placed In the domain Eukarya

(i) The scientific name should be italicized in printed form and if handwritten, it should be underlined separately.
(ii) The generic name's (Genus) first alphabet should be in uppercase.
(iii) The specific name, (species) should be in lowercase.
(iv) The scientific names of any two organisms are not similar.
(v) The name or abbreviated name of the scientist who first publishes the scientific name mal be written after the species name along with the year of publication. ego Lion-Felis leo Linn., 1758 or Felis leo L., 1758.
(vi) If the species name is framed after any person's name the name of the species shall end with 'i', 'ii' or 'ae'. eg. A new species of a ground-dwelling lizard (Cyrtodactylus) has been discovered and named after scientist Varad Giri, Cyrtodactylus varadgirii.

The classical taxonomical tools:
1. Taxonomical Keys:
Keys are based on comparative analysis of the similarities and dissimilarities of organisms. There are separate keys for different taxonomic categories.
2. Museum:
Biological museums have collection of preserved plants and animals for study and ready reference. Specimens of both extinct and living organisms can be studied.
3. Zoological parks: These are places where wild animals are kept in protected environments under human care which enables us to study their food habits and behaviour.
4. Marine parks: Marine organisms are maintained in protected environments.
5. Printed taxonomical tools consist of identification cards, description, field guides, and manuals.