Protoderm, Procambium and ground meristerm

1) The effect of two substances in such a way that they  have opposite effects on the same process is called Antagonistic effect.
2) One accelerates and other inhibits. Example: ABA and gibberellins during seed or bud dormancy, ABA induces dormancy and gibberellins break it.

1. Andromonoecious: A plant with both male flowers and bisexual flowers.
2. Gynomonoecious: A plant with both pistillate and bisexual flowers

(i) Mineral deficiency of plant A is due to Molybdenum
(ii) Mineral deficiency of plant B is due to Zinc

Advantages of artificial insemination are:
1. It increases the rate of conception.
2. It avoids genital diseases.
3. Semen can be collected from injured bulls which have desirable traits.
4. Superior animals located apart can be bred successfully.

The muscle contracts when the myosin shifts. The lack of ATP after death prevents it from relaxing and the muscle remains contracted. Such process occurs in all muscles and the body becomes rigid.

Venules, veins of renal vein comes out of hilum of kidneys.

The capillaries are thin walled and consist of single layer of squamous epithelium. Tunica media and elastin fibres are absent.

1. Cutaneous respiration: by skin
2. Lamellar or bronchial respiration (young and developing tadpole):- by external and internal gills
3. Pulmonary respiration: by lungs
4. Buccopharyngeal respiration: by buccal cavity

(i) Earthworm has aerobic respiration.
(ii) Moist skin due to coelomic fluid promotes respiration (cutaneous)
(iii) Skin functions due to blood supply of integumentary blood vessels
(iv) Respiration or breathing stops if earthworm's skin is dried

1. Cyclostomes are marine but migrate to fresh waters for spawning. This is called anadromous migration.
2. After spawning they die within a few days. The larva after metamorphosis returns to the ocean.

The chromatin is a gelatinous substance made of series of repeated units called nucleosomes each nucleosome has a core of 8 histone subunits.

Xylem plates alternate with phloem plates. Eg: Lycopodium clavatum.

Five major groups of hormones viz., auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, ethylene and abscisic acid are presently known to coordinate and regulate growth and development in plants.

(i) Plants secrete resins for their protective benefits. Amber is a fossilized tree resin especially from the wood, which has been appreciated for its colour and natural beauty since Neolithic times.
(ii) Much valued from antiquity to the present as a gemstone, amber is made into a variety of decorative objects.
(iii) Amber is used in jewellery. It has also been used as a healing agent in folk medicine.

RNA animal virus is HIV.
DNA plant virus is Cauliflower mosaic virus.

Possible causes for conductive deafness may be due to
1. The blockage of ear canal with earwax.
2. Rupture of eardrum.
3. Middle ear infection with fluid accumulation.
4. Restriction of ossicular movement.

(i) Worker bees are sterile females and smallest
(ii) They live in a chamber called "Worker Cell' and they perform different types of work in her life span.
(iii) During the first life span, she becomes a nurse bee attending indoor duties such as secretion of royal jelly, prepare bee bread to feed the larvae, take care of the queen and drones, secretes beeswax, builds combs, clean and fans the bee hives.
(iv) In the second life span she becomes soldier and guards the bee hive. She searches and gathers the pollen, nectar, propolis and water.

(a) Urine
(b) Glomerular filtrate
(c) Urinary bladder
(d) afferent and efferent arterioles and venules of renel artery and renel vein.
(e) Excretion
(f) Bowman's capsule
(g) Ureters
(h) Micturition
(i) Balance of electrolytes minerals and organics
(j) excretory system
(k) micturition
(l) glucose, amino acid and liquids

1. The process of release of urine from the urinary bladder is called micturition. It is more than a simple reflex. The control of micturition is learnt is infancy. It induces other sensory fibres in the bladder which conveys the information on fullness of bladder.
2. This information reaches the centres in thalamus and cerebral cortex of the brain via the spine.
3. The brain can sense the need to pass urine and urgency of the situation.
4. The brain centres can control the micturition, reflex by inhibiting the parasympathetic motor, fibres.
5. When convenient, the brain centre removes this control and permits micturition under conscious control.
6. Further the link between spine and cerebral cortex is developed only nearing 2 years of age. Hence toilet training is not possible in infants.
7. Therefore by training children at a young age, the micturition reflex can be brought under control.

(i) Severe abdominal pain caused by the inflammation of the vermiform appendix.
(ii) Clinically appendix is removed by surgery.
(iii) If treatment is delayed the appendix may rupture and result in the infection of the abdomen called peritonitis.

S.No	Competitive Inhibitor	Allostreic inhibitor
1	Binds with active site	Binds with some other site except active site
2	Inhibitor shows very close resemblance to the substrate in structural organisation.	Inhibitor shows no resemblance to the substrate.
3	An inhibitor is not a product of metabolic pathway.	An inhibitor is a product or intermediate of metabolic pathway
4	Eg: Malonate is competitive Inhibitor for succinic dehydrogenase.	Eg: Glucose hexokinase glucose\(\rightarrow \) 6, phosphate hexokinase enzyme is inhibited by glucose 6 phosphate.

S.No.	Aggregate fruit	Multiple fruit
1	Aggregate fruits develop from a single fl ower having an apocarpous pistil. each of the free carpel develops into a simple fruitlet. A collection of simple fruitlets makes an Aggregate fruit. An individual ovary develops into a drupe, achene, follicle or berry	A Multiple or composite fruit develops from the whole infl orescence along with its peduncle on which they are borne
2	Eg: Polyalthia	Eg: Pineapple

1) Many plants use a group of chemicals called sinapate esters to defend against the sun. These aromatic compounds are found in the upper cell layers of the plant tissues and sinapoyl Malate provides bulk of the UV protection.
2) Thus when the green leaves of the plants are absorbing visible part of the spectrum for photosynthesis, the chemicals help to absorb the incident, UV radiation thus preventing the UV from affecting other living organisms. Thus photosynthesis protects us from harmful radiation of the sun.

The amount of blood pumped out by each ventricle per minute is called cardiac output(CO). It is a product of heart rate (HR) and stroke volume (SV). Heart rate or pulse is the number of beats per minute.
Pulse pressure = systolic pressure - diastolic pressure.
Stroke volume (SV) is the volume of blood pumped out by one ventricle with each beat. SV depends on ventricular contraction.
CO = HR x SV
SV represents the difference between EDV (amount of blood that collects in a ventricle during diastole) and ESV (volume of blood remaining in the ventricle after contraction).
SV = EDV - ESV

Photoperiodic induction
1) An appropriate photoperiod in 24 hours cycle constitutes one inductive cycle. Plants may require one or more inductive cycles for flowering.
2) The phenomenon of conversion of leaf primordia into flower primordia under the influence of suitable inductive cycles is called photoperiodic induction.
Example: Xanthium (SDP) - 1 inductive cycle and Plantago (LDP)- 25 inductive cycles.
Site of Photoinductive perception
1) Photoperiodic stimulus is perceived by the leaves.
2) Floral hormone is synthesised in leaves and translocated to the apical tip to promote flowering.
3) This can be explained by a simple experiment on Cocklebur (Xanthium pensylvanicum), a short day plant.
4) Usually Xanthium will flower under short day conditions. If the plant is defoliated and kept under short day conditions it will not flower.
5) Flowering will occur even when all the leaves are removed except one leaf.
6) If a cocklebur plant is defoliated and kept under long day conditions, it will not flower.
7) If one of its leaves is exposed to short day condition and rest are in long day condition, flowering will occur.

Structure of thyroid gland:
Thyroid gland is the largest endocrine gland in the body.


1. It is a butterfly shaped, bilobed gland located below the larynx on either side of upper trachea.
2. The two lateral lobes are connected by a median tissue mass called isthmus.
3. Each lobe is made up of many lobules. The lobules consist of follicles called acini.
4. Each acinus is lined with glandular, cuboidal or squamous epithelial cells. The lumen of acinus is filled with colloid, a thick glycoprotein mixture consisting of thyroglobulin molecules.
5. It secretes two hormones namely tri-iodothyronine [T₃] and thyroxine or tetra- iodothyronine [T₄].
6. The parafollicular cells or 'C' cells of thyroid gland secrete a hormone called thyrocalcitonin.
7. Iodine is essential for the normal synthesis of thyroid hormone.
8. Thyroid hormones shows a negative feedback effect on the hypothalamus and pituitary.

1. The respiratory system of cockroach is well developed compared with other terrestrial insects.
2. Branched tubes known as trachea open through 10 pairs of small holes called spiracles or stigmata, present on the lateral side of the body.
3. Terminal branches of tracheal tubes are called tracheoles which carry oxygen to the entire body. The spiracles open and close by valves regulated by sphincter or spiracular muscles. Each tracheole is filled with a watery fluid through which exchange of gases takes place.
4. During high muscular activity, a part of the fluid is drawn into the tissues to enable more oxygen intake and rapid diffusion.
5. The passage of air in the tracheal system is:

1. Botanists use binomial nomenclature to solve this problem.
2. A scientific name is given to the plant based on certain principles and criteria. 
3. The scientific name of a particular plant is same all over the world and is not given to any other plant.

1. It is a method of sexual reproduction in bacteria. J. Lederberg and Edward L. Tatum demonstrated conjugation in E. coli. in the year 1946.
2. In this method of gene transfer the donor cell gets attached to. the recipient cell with the help of pili. The pilus grows in size and forms the conjugation tube.
3. The plasmid of donor cell which has the F+ (fertility factor) undergoes replication,
4. Only one strand of DNA is transferred to the recipient cell through conjugation tube.
5. The recipient completes the structure of double stranded DNA by synthesizing the strand that complements the strand acquired from the donor.