By the constant wearing down action of wind, the bottom gets eroded away to form a mushroom like structure. So the Pedestal rock looks like mushroom.

(i) With little water and food left for humans, sailors used to throw the horses into the sea in order to make the vessels lighter.
(ii) Henceforth these belts (or) latitudes are called as "horse latitudes".

It occurs regularly ln the equatorial region in the evenings.

(i) Because they are formed due to the differential heating of land and sea.
(ii) Due to heavy rain, strong wind & large storm.
(iii) The destruction depends mainly on its intensity, its size and its location.
(iv) After the cyclone the devastation continues.

Because of the earth rotation, wind changes their directions.

All other rocks are directly or indirectly formed from them.

Some of the erosional landforms of sea waves are sea cliff, sea cave, arch, stack, beach, bar and spit and wave cut platform.
Sea Cave: Prolonged wave attack on the base of a cliff erodes rock materials, which result in the formation of caves.
Sea Arch: When two caves approach one another from either side of a headland and unite, they form an arch. e.g., Neil Island, Andaman and Nicobar.
Sea Stack: Further erosion by waves ultimately leads to the total collapse of the arch. The seaward portion of the headland will remain as a pillar of rock known as stack. Eg the Old man of Hoy in Scotland.
Sea Cliffs: Sea cliffs are steep rock faces formed when sea waves dash against them. The rocks get eroded to form steep vertical walls.
Wave Cut Platforms: Flat surface found at the foot of sea cliffs are called as wave-cut platforms. Wave cut platform is also referred as beach, shelf, terrace and plain.

Orographic rainfall, 'also called relief rainfall" is caused when air is forced to rise against a high mountain. The mountain barriers lying across the direction of air flow, force the moisture laden air rise along the mountain slope. This results in the cooling of the air, which leads to the formation of clouds and rain. This rainfall is called Orographic rainfall. The side of the mountain facing the wind is called the windward side and receives heavy rainfall. It is called the rainfed region. The other side of the mountain that does not face the wind is called the leeward side and receives less rainfall becomes rain shadow region.

The formation and deformation of landforms on the surface of the Earth is a continuous activity of two broad processes i.e. internal and external. These processes cause stress and deformation on Earth materials and finally bring changes on the surface of the Earth. These are referred as Geomorphic Processes.
The forces that act from the Earth's interior towards the Earth's surface are called Internal processes or Endogenetic processes. These forces build the landscape and create topographic relief.
The forces that act on the surface of the Earth due to natural agents like running water, glacier, wind, waves etc. are called External processes or Exogenetic processes. These external processes tear the landscape down into relatively low elevated plains.

a) Pacific Ring of fire: It is a major area and an arc in the_basin of the Pacific ocean where many earthquakes and volcanic eruptions occur.

(b) Earthquake-prone zones (any two): Turkey, Indonesia

(c) Locate any two active volcanoes of the world: Hawaii-, Mount Fuji

(d) Himalayas and Alps ranges

Swallow Holes, Uvalas, Dolines, Poljis are the other erosional features

Due to the river action, cylindrical holes are drilled vertically in the river bed with varying depth and diametre.

(i) Coastal zone is exposed to natural forces including cyclones and Tsunamis.
(ii) Cuddalore and Nagapattinam are situated on the Sea-Shore.
(iii) Cuddalore and Nagapattinam are vulnerable to storms.
(iv) During Summer Bay of Bengal subject to intense heat cause to raise the humid and unstable air masses that produce cyclone.

(i) A valley is made deeper by a stream of water (or) a river as it flows from the high land.
(ii) The valleys are either 'U' shaped or 'V' shaped.
(iii) The glacier debris get deposited in the low lying areas. So glaciers do not form deep narrow valleys.

On tropical mountains, the snowline may be as high as 500 mts, but when traced poleward it descends to 2700 mts in the European Alps to 600 meters in Greenland and just to sea level near the poles.

(i) Yes, weathering a pre-requisite in the formation of soil.
(ii) The rock materials in due course of time are weathered further to form soil.
(iii) Soil is a mixture of disintegrated rock material.

(i) Air pressure decreases with altitude.
(ii) The air molecules became scattered and more widely spaced at higher altitudes.
(iii) The air pressure develops by 34 millibars per 300 metres increase in height.

(i) The internal processes generate heat and eject materials from deep below the Earth's crust.
(ii) Internal radio activity in the principal source of power for this process.

The bodies of plants and animals that fall on the sedimentary rock deposits get embedded in the layers and form fossils.

The amount of heat received from the sun in the form of short waves is called insulation (or) incoming Solar Radiation

Temperature is a measure of the warmth of an object expressed in terms of celsius (or) farenheit, measured with thermometer

These are valleys eroded by tributary glacier and that hangs over the main valley

Biological weathering occurs due to the penetration and expansion of plant roofs, earth worms, burrowing animals (rabbits, rats) and same human activities.