(i) The microprocessor which is an Integrated Circuit. Microprocessors were first introduced in early 1970s. The first general purpose microprocessor, 4004 was developed by Intel Inc.
(ii) The microprocessor is a programmable multipurpose silicon chip. It is driven by clock pulses. It accepts input as a binary data and after processing, it provides the output data as per the instructions stored in the memory.

1. The base or radix is 16. Thus it has 16 possible digit symbols. It uses the digits 0 to 9 plus the. letters A, B, C, D, E and F (with respect to 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15).
2. It is generally used in microcomputers. Eg. (ABC)₁₆.

(i) MSB (Most Significant Bit) - The leftmost bit carries the largest weight and hence, is called the MSB.
(ii) LSB (Least Significant Bit) - The rightmost bit carries the smallest weight and hence, is called the LSB.
(iii) Binary Point - It is used to separate the integer and fractional part of the binary number, Eg. (1011.011)₂

NAND and NOR gates are called Universal gates, because the fundamental logic gates can be realized through them

a) AND gate truth table

b) OR Gate Truth table

c) Not Gate Truth Table

(i) ISCII is the system of handling the character of Indian local languages. This as a 8-bit coding system.
(ii) Therefore it can handle 256 (28) characters. This system is formulated by the department of Electronics in India in the year 1986-88 and recognized by Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS).
(iii) Now this coding system is integrated with Unicode.

(i) There are only two digits in the Binary system, namely, 0 and 1.
The numbers in the binary system are represented to the base 2 and the positional multipliers are the powers of 2.
(ii) The left most bit in the binary number is called as the Most Significant Bit (MSB) and it has the largest positional weight.
(iii) The right most bit is the Least Significant Bit (LSB) and has the smallest positional weight.

(i) Machine language is a collection of binary digits or bits that the computer reads and interprets.
(ii) In first generation, machined language was used.

(i) The transistor ("transfer resistance") is made up of semiconductors.
(ii) It is a component used to control the amount of current or voltage or used for amplification modulation or switching of an electronic signal.

(i) Monitor
(ii) Printer
(iii) Plotter
(iv) Speaker
(v) Multimedia projectors are the output devices.

Input device is used to feed any form of data to the computer, which can be stored in the memory unit for further processing.
Example: Keyboard, mouse, Scanner, Fingerprint scanner, Track Ball, Retinal Scanner, Light pen etc.

(i) The Central Processing Unit(CPU) has a Memory Data Register (MDR) and a Memory Address Register (MAR).
(ii) The Memory Data Register (MDR) keeps the data which is transferred between the Memory and the CPU. The Program Counter (PC) is a special register in the CPU which always keeps the address of the next instruction to be executed.
(iii) A bus is a collection of wires used for communication between the internal components of a computer.
(iv) The address bus is used to point a memory location. A decoder, a digital circuit is used to point to the specific memory location where the word can be located.
(v) The read operation fetches data from memory and transfers to MDR. A single control line performs two operations like read write using 1 or 0.
(vi) Also, the write operation transfers data from the MDR to memory.

(vii) The word in the RAM has the same size (no. of bits) as the Memory Data Register (MDR).
(viii)The data bus has eight parallel wires to transfer data either from MDR to word or word to MDR based on the control(Read or write).

(ix) This control line is labeled as R/W, which becomes 1 means READ operation and 0 means WRITE operation. The content of MDR and the Word before the READ operation. Also figure shows the content of MDR and the Word after the READ operation.

(x) The read operation transfers the data (bits) from memory word to data register. The write operation transfers the data (bits) from memory data registerto word.

Components of a Computer :
The computer is the combination of hardware and software. Hardware is the physical component of a computer like motherboard, memory devices, monitor, keyboard etc., while software is the set of programs or instructions. Both hardware and software together make the computer system to function. Every task given to a computer follows an Input-process - output cycle (IPO cycle).

(i) Input unit: Input unit is used to feed any form of data to the computer, which can be stored in the memory unit for further processing.
Example : keyboard, mouse etc.
(i) Central Processing Unit : CPU is the major component which interprets and executes software instructions. It also control the operation of all other components such as memory, input and output units.
(iii) Arithmetic and Logic Unit : The ALU is a part of the CPU where various computing functions are performed on data. The ALU performs arithmetic operations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, division and logical operations.

(iv) Control Unit : The control unit controls the flow of data between the CPU memory and I/o devices. It also controls the entire operation of a computer.
(v) Output Unit: An output unit is any hardware component that convey information to users in an understandable form. Example : Monitor, Printer etc.
(vi) Memory Unit: The Memory Unit is of two types which are primary memory and secondary memory. The primary memory is used to temporarily store the programs and data when the instructions are ready to execute. The secondary memory is used to store the data permanently. The Primary Memory is volatile, that is,the content is lost when the power supply is switched off. The Random Access Memory (RAM) is an example of a main memory. The Secondary memory is non volatile, that is, the content is available even after the power supply is switched off. Hard disk, CD-ROM and DVD ROM are examples of secondary memory.

A decoder, a digital circuit is used to point to the specific memory location where the word can be located.

(i) MAR (Memory Address Register)
(ii) MDR (Memory Data Register)

Basic set of machine level instructions that a microprocessor is designed to execute is called as an instruction set.

(i) MHz (Mega Hertz)
(ii) GHz (Giga Hertz)

The decimal Number system is the number system used in general.

(i) Numbers
(ii) Text
(iii) Graphics
(iv) Animations
(v) Audio
(vii) Video etc

(1) It needs less space and looks slim.
(2) It consumes less power and does not radiate heat at the time of operation.

(1) It is slow as compared to non-impact printers
(2) It is not best suited for graphics
(3) It is not possible to obtain colour output.

If the hardware is not detected, a particular pattern of beeps will inform about the error. An error found in the POST is usually fatal (that is, it causes current program to stop running) and will halt the boot process, since the hardware check is absolutely essential for the computer's functions.