The first regular Buddhist work on logic was written by Vasubandhu. Vasubandhu's disciple, Dignaga, was also the author of many learned works.

1. At Mathura, the people are numerous and happy; they do not have to register their household.
2. Only those who cultivate the royal land have to pay a portion of the grain from it. Criminals are fined both lightly and heavily depending on the circumstances.

1. The origin of Huns is not definitely known. According to Roman historian Tacitus, they were a barbarian tribe living near Caspian Sea and contributed to the fall of Roman Empire.
2. They organised under Attila and were known for their savagery and bestiality in Europe.
3. One branch of Huns, know as white Huns, moved towards India from Central Asia and their invasion began about a hundred years after the Kushanas.

1. Sri Gupta
2. Chandra Gupta -I
3. Samudra Gupta
4. Chandra Gupta -II
5. Kumara Gupta
6. Skanda Gupta

1. Internal fighting and dissensions among the royal family led to its collapse.
2. In the sixth century CE, the Huns occupied Malwa, Gujarat, Punjab and Gandhara. As the Hun invasion weakened the Gupta.
3. Independent rulers emerged all over the north like Yasodharman of Malwa, the Maukharis of Uttar Pradesh, the Maitrakas in Saurashtra and others in Bengal.

1. Metallic preparations for the purpose of medicine and references to the use of mercury and iron by Varahamihira and others indicate that much progress was made in chemistry.
2. The Navanitakam was a medical work, which is a manual of recipes, formulation and prescriptions.
3. Hastyayurveda or the veterinary science authored by Palakapya attests to the advances made in medical science during the Gupta period.
4. Internal fighting and dissensions among the royal family led to its collapse.

1. The Jaina canonical literature at first took shape in Prakrit dialects. Sanskrit came to be the medium later.
2. Within a short time, Jainism produced many great scholars and by their efforts the Hindu itihasa and puranas were recast in Jaina versions to popularise their doctrines.
3. Vimala produced a Jaina version of Ramayana. Siddasena Divakara laid the foundation oflogic among the Jainas.

1. The highly formalised methods of vedic learning helped inspire the establishment of large teaching institutions such as Taxila, Nalanda and Vikramashila, which are often characterised as India's early universities.
2. Nalanda flourished under the patronage of the Gupta Empire in the fifth and sixth centuries and later under Harsha, the emperor of Kanauj.

1. The Gupta Empire was divided into provinces known as deshas or bhuktis.
2. They were administered by governors who were usually designated as uparikas.
3. The provinces of the Gupta Empire were divided into districts known as visayas, which were controlled by officers known as vishyapatis.

1. Guild is a society or other organisation of people with common interests or an association of merchants.
2. There are several references in several sources to artisans, traders and occupational groups in the guilds.
3. Guilds continued as the major institution in the manufacture of goods and in commercial enterprise.
4. The Narada and Brihaspati Smritis describe the organisation and activities of guilds.
5. They mention that the guild had a chief and two, three or five executive officers.
6. Guild laws were apparently laid down in written documents. The Brihaspati Srnriti refers to guilds rendering justice to their members and suggests that these decisions should, by and large, be approved by the king.

Types of Tenures	Nature of Holding
Nividharma	Endowment of land under a kind of trusteeship was prevalent, in North and Central India and Bengal.
Nividharma aksayana	A perpetual endowment. The recipient could make use of income derived from it.
Aprada dharma	Income from land could be enjoyed, but the recipient is not permitted to gift it to anyone. The recipient has no administrative rights either.
Bhumichchi dranyaya	Right of ownership acquired by a person making barren land cultivable for the first time. This land was free from any rent liability.
Agrahara grants	Given to Brahmins, it was perpetual, hereditary and tax free.
Devagrahara grants	A land grant in favour of a Brahmin as well as gifts to merchants for the repair and worship of temples.
Secular grants	Grants made to feudatories of Guptas.

1. The Gupta kingdom emerged as a great power and achieved the political unification of a large part of the Indian subcontinent.
2. It featured a strong central government, bringing many kingdoms under its hegemony.
3. Feudalism as an institution began to take root during this period.
4. With an effective guild system and overseas trade, the Gupta economy boomed.
5. Great works in Sanskrit were produced during this period and a high level of cultural maturity in fine arts, sculpture and architecture was achieved.
6. The living standards of upper classes reached a peak.
7. Education, art and study of science progressed, but the feudal system of governance put people in some form of hardship.
8. Although some historians proclaim that Gupta period was a golden age.