These leaves cover the flower or an inflorescence in their axil. The main function of these leaves is to protect the flower buds.

All the leaves of a plant together are referred to as Phyllome.

Bulbs are classified into two types. They are,
Tunicated bulb:
a) Simple Tunicated bulb, Eg: Allium cepa
b) Compound Tunicated bulb, Eg: Allium sativum
Scaly Bulb: Eg: Tulipa spp

Runner, Stolon, Sucker, Offset.

Tuberous root, Fasciculated root, Nodulose root, Moniliform root or Beaded root, Annulated root.

These are roots of some climbing or epiphytic plants which develop chlorophyll and turn green to help in photosynthesis. Eg: Tinospora, Trapa natans.

These plants produce specialized hook-like structures which are the modification of various organs of the plant. In Artabotrys inflorescence axis is modified into hook .

1. Food storage- Eg: Solanum tuberosum, Colocasia and Zingiber officinale.
2. Perennation/reproduction - Eg: Zingiber officinale, Curcuma longa.
3. Water storage - Eg: Opuntia.
4. Buoyancy - Eg: Neptunia.

These are thick roots growing obliquely from the basal nodes of the main stem. These provide mechanical support. Eg: Saccharum officinarum, Zea mays.

Some mangrove plants like Avicennia, Rhizophora, develop special kinds of roots (Negatively geotropic) for respiration because the soil becomes saturated with water and aeration is very poor. They have a large number of breathing pores or pneumatopores for exchange of gases.

1. Conical Root: These are cone like , broad at the base and gradually tapering towards the apex. Eg: Daucus carota.
2. Fusiform root: These roots are swollen in the middle and tapering towards both ends. Eg: Raphanus sativus
3. Napiform root: It is very broad and suddenly tapers like a tail at the apex. Eg: Beta vulgaris.

Sub aerial stem found in plants with weak stem in which branches lie horizontally on the ground. These are meant for vegetative propagation. They are classified as:
1. Runner
2. Stolon
3. Sucker
4. Offset
1. Runner: This is a slender, prostrate branch creeping on the ground and rooting at the nodes. Eg: Centella, Oxalis
2. Stolon: This is also a slender, lateral branch originating from the base of the stem. But it first grows obliquely above the ground, produces a loop and bends down towards the ground. When touches the ground it produces roots and becomes an independent plantlet. Eg: Mentha piperita, Fragaria
3. Sucker: Sucker develops from an underground stem and grows obliquely upwards and gives rise to a separate plantlet or new plant. Eg: Chrysanthemum.
4. Offset: Offset is similar to the runner but found in aquatic plants especially in rosette leaved forms. A short thick lateral branch arises from the lower axil and grows horizontally leafless for a short distance, then it produces a bunch of rosette leaves and root at nodes. Eg: Eichhornia

Tuberous root: These are swollen without any definite shape. They are produced singly and not in clusters. Eg. Ipomoea batatas.
Fasciculated root: These are in a cluster from the base of the stem. Eg: Dahlia, Asparagus.
Nodulose root: Swelling occurs only near the tips. Eg: Maranta (arrowroot) Curcuma Amada (mango ginger).
Moniliform or Beaded root: These roots swell at frequent intervals giving them a beaded appearance. Eg. Vitis, Portulaca.
Annulated root: These roots have a series of ring-like swelling on their surface at regular intervals. Eg: Ipecac (Psychotria).