Metabolism is a defining feature of all living organisms without exception. Isolated metabolic reactions in vitro are not living things, but surely living reactions.Comment.

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In which conditions human beings are difficult to define as living?

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How do you prepare your own herbarium sheets? What are different tools you carry with you while, collecting plants for the preparation of a herbarium? What information should a preserved plant material on the herbarium sheet provide for taxonomic studies?

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Cyanobateria and heterophic bacteria have been clubbed together in Eubacteria of Kindom-Monera as per the five kindom classification even though the two are vastly different from each other , Is this grouping of the tow types of taxa in the same kingdom justify ? If so, Why?

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Each plant or group of plants have some phylogenetic significance in relation to evolution. Cycas with any of the few living members of gymnosperms is called as 'relic of the past'. can you establish a phylogenetic relationship of Cycas with any other of plants that justifies the above statement?

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Differentiate between notochord and nerve cord

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Sunflower is not a flower. Explain

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A typical angiospermic flower consists of four floral parts. Give the names of the floral parts and their arrangement sequentially.

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What  are the plant whold show the folowing ?
(i)Radial vascular bundle
(ii)Ployarch xylem
(iii) well developed pith 

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Mention the special features of eye in cockroach.

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Give the biochemical composition of the plasma membrane.How are lipid molecules arranged in the membrane?

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Enzymes are proteins. Proteins are long chains of amino acids linked to each other by peptide bonds. Amino acids have many functional groups in their structure.
These functional groups are ionizable as they are weak acids and bases in chemical nature. This ionisation is influenced by the pH of the solution. For many enzymes, activity is influenced by surrounding pH. This is depicted in the curve given explain briefly.

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Both unicellular and multicellular organisms undergo mitosis. What are the differences if any observed in the process between the two?

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Various types of transport mechanisms are needed to fulfil the mineral requirements of a plant. Why are they not fulfilled by diffusion alone?

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Identify the process occurring in I, II and III.

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How are the terms critical concentration and deficient different from each other in terms of concentration of an essential element in plants?Can you find  the values of critical concentration and deficient minerals FE and Zn.

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A farmer adds/supplies Na, Ca, Mg and Fe regularly to his field and yet he observes that the plants show deficiency of Ca, Mg and Fe. Give a valid reason and suggest a way to help the farmer to improve the growth of plants.

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What can we conclude from the statement that the action and absorption spectra of photosynthesis overlap? At which wavelength, do they show peaks?

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It is known that red muscle fibres in animals can work for longer periods of time continuously. How is this possible?

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For completion of respiration process, write the given steps in sequential manner
(i) Diffusion of gases (O₂ and CO₂ ) acroses alveolar membrane.
(ii) Transport of gases by blood.
(iii) Utilisation of O₂ by the cells for catabolic reactions and resultant release of CO_2.
(iv) Pulmonary ventilation by which atmospheric air is drawn in and CO₂ rich alveolar air is released out.
(v) Diffusion of O₂ and CO₂ between blood and tissues.

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An Rh^- woman is carrying an Rh⁺ foetus for the second time. Describe the consequences of Rh^- incompatibility in this case?

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Show the structure of a renal corpuscle with the help of a diagram

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In old age, people often suffer from stiff and inflammed joints. What is this condition called? What are the possible reasons for these symptoms?

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Respiration is an energy releasing and enzymatically controlled catabolic process, which involves a stepwise oxidative breakdown of organic substances inside living cells. In this statement about respiration explain the meaning of
(i) stepwise oxidative breakdown
(ii) organic substances (used as substrates).

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On an educational trip to uttarakhand, Ketki and her friends observed that many local. people were having swollen necks. Please help Ketki and her friends to find out the solutions to the following questions.
(i) Which probable disease are these people suffering from?
(ii) How is it caused?
(iii) What effects does this condition have on pregnancy?

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