Metabolism is a defining feature of all living organisms without exception. Isolated metabolic reactions in vitro are not living things, but surely living reactions.Comment.

3

(a)

In which conditions human beings are difficult to define as living?

3

(a)

How do you prepare your own herbarium sheets? What are different tools you carry with you while, collecting plants for the preparation of a herbarium? What information should a preserved plant material on the herbarium sheet provide for taxonomic studies?

3

(a)

There is a myth that immediately after heavy rains in forest, mushrooms appear in large number and make a very large ring or circle, which may be several metres in diameter. These are called 'fairy rings'. Can you explain the myth of fairy rings in biological terms?

3

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Cyanobateria and heterophic bacteria have been clubbed together in Eubacteria of Kindom-Monera as per the five kindom classification even though the two are vastly different from each other , Is this grouping of the tow types of taxa in the same kingdom justify ? If so, Why?

3

(a)

Sunflower is not a flower. Explain

3

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What  are the plant whold show the folowing ?
(i)Radial vascular bundle
(ii)Ployarch xylem
(iii) well developed pith 

3

(a)

Mention the special features of eye in cockroach.

3

(a)

Give the biochemical composition of the plasma membrane.How are lipid molecules arranged in the membrane?

3

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Eukaryotic cells have organelles which may
(i) not bounded by a membrane.
(ii) bounded by a single membrane.
(iii) bounded by a double membrane.
Group the various sub-cellular organelles into these categories.

3

(a)

Nucleic acids exhibits secondary structure, justify with example.

3

(a)

Both unicellular and multicellular organisms undergo mitosis. What are the differences if any observed in the process between the two?

3

(a)

Various types of transport mechanisms are needed to fulfil the mineral requirements of a plant. Why are they not fulfilled by diffusion alone?

3

(a)

Identify the process occurring in I, II and III.

3

(a)

Observe the diagram and answer the following.

(a) Are these types of guard cells observed in monocot or in dicot plants?
(b) Which of these shows a higher water content?
(c) Which element plays an important role in the opening and closing of stomata?

3

(a)

How are the terms critical concentration and deficient different from each other in terms of concentration of an essential element in plants?Can you find  the values of critical concentration and deficient minerals FE and Zn.

3

(a)

Where is NADP reductase enzyme located in the chloroplasts? What is the role of this enzyme in proton gradient development?

3

(a)

Photosynthetic organisms occur at different depths in the ocean. Do they receive the light?How do they adapt to carry out photosynthesis under these conditions?

3

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The energy yield in terms of ATP is higher in aerobic respiration than during anaerobic respiration. Why is there anaerobic respiration even in organisms that live in aerobic condition like human beings and angiosperms?

3

(a)

For completion of respiration process, write the given steps in sequential manner
(i) Diffusion of gases (O₂ and CO₂ ) acroses alveolar membrane.
(ii) Transport of gases by blood.
(iii) Utilisation of O₂ by the cells for catabolic reactions and resultant release of CO_2.
(iv) Pulmonary ventilation by which atmospheric air is drawn in and CO₂ rich alveolar air is released out.
(v) Diffusion of O₂ and CO₂ between blood and tissues.

3

(a)

Why is it necessary to check the Rh factor of the blood in a pregnant woman?

3

(a)

What physiological circumstances lead to erythroblastosis foetalis?

3

(a)

Show the structure of a renal corpuscle with the help of a diagram

3

(a)

In old age, people often suffer from stiff and inflammed joints. What is this condition called? What are the possible reasons for these symptoms?

3

(a)

Mention two similarities between 
(i) Aves and mammals
(ii) A frog and crocodile
(iii) A turtle and Pila

3

(a)