Read the passage given below and answer the following questions:
The idealized ionic solid consists of two interpenetrating lattices of oppositely-charged point charges that are held in place by a balance of coulombic force of long range. But real ions occupy space, no such "perfect" ionic solid exists in nature. Chemists usually apply the term "ionic solid" to binary compounds of the metallic elements of groups 1 - 2 with one of the halogen elements or oxygen. The most well known ionic solid is sodium chloride, also known by its geological names as rock-salt or halite. Structurally, each ion in sodium chloride is surrounded and held in tension by six neighbouring ions of opposite charge; this is known as (6, 6) coordination. The resulting crystal lattice is of a type known as simple cubic. There are many other fundamental ionic structures (not all cubic) and these are:
Zinc blende structure (ZnS) : having ccp arrangement of S^2- and Zn²⁺ in alternate tetrahedral voids; Wurtzite structure (ZnS) : having hcp arrangement of S^2- and Zn²⁺ in alternate tetrahedral voids; Fluorite structure (CaF₂) : having ccp arrangement of Ca²⁺ and F^- in all tetrahedral voids; Antifluorite structure (Na₂O): having ccp arrangement of O^2- and Na⁺ in all tetrahedral voids. These solids tend to be quite hard and have high melting points.
The following questions are multiple choice questions. Choose the most appropriate answer:
(i) In NaCl crystal, each Cl^- ion is surrounded by

(ii) In an antifluorite structure, cations occupy

(iii) Antifluorite structure is derived from fluorite structure by

(iv) Ionic solid BaF₂ has which kind of structure?

Read the passage given below and answer the following questions:
The properties of the solutions which depend only on the number of solute particles but not on the nature of the solute are called colligative properties. Relative lowering in vapour pressure is also an example of colligative properties.
For an experiment, sugar solution is prepared for which lowering in vapour pressure was found to be 0.061 mm of Hg. (Vapour pressure of water at 20°C is 17.5 mm of Hg.)
The following questions are multiple choice questions. Choose the most appropriate answer:
(i) Relative lowering of vapour pressure for the given solution is

(ii) The vapour pressure (mm of Hg) of solution will be

(iii) Mole fraction of sugar in the solution is

(iv) The vapour pressure (mm of Hg) of water at 293 K when 25 g of glucose is dissolved in 450 g of water is

Read the passage given below and answer the following questions:
 Standard electrode potentials are used for various processes:
(i) It is used to measure relative strengths of various oxidants and reductants.
(ii) It is used to calculate standard cell potential.
(iii) It is used to predict possible reactions.
 A set of half-reactions (in acidic medium) along with their standard reduction potential, E^o (in volt) values are given below
\(\mathrm{I}_{2}+2 e^{-} \rightarrow 2 \mathrm{I}^{-} ; \quad E^{\circ}=0.54 \mathrm{~V}\) 
\(\mathrm{Cl}_{2}+2 e^{-} \rightarrow 2 \mathrm{Cl}^{-} ; \quad E^{\circ}=1.36 \mathrm{~V}\) 
\(\mathrm{Mn}^{3+}+e^{-} \rightarrow \mathrm{Mn}^{2+} ; \quad E^{\circ}=1.50 \mathrm{~V}\) 
\(\mathrm{Fe}^{3+}+e^{-} \longrightarrow \mathrm{Fe}^{2+} ; \quad E^{\circ}=0.77 \mathrm{~V}\) 
\(\mathrm{O}_{2}+4 \mathrm{H}^{+}+4 e^{-} \longrightarrow 2 \mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O} ; E^{\circ}=1.23 \mathrm{~V}\) 
The following questions are multiple choice questions. Choose the most appropriate answer:
(i) Which of the following statements is correct?

(ii) Mn³⁺ is not stable in acidic medium, while Fe³⁺is stable because

(iii) The strongest reducing agent in the aqueous solution is

(iv) The emf for the following reaction is
\(\mathrm{I}_{2}+\mathrm{KCl} \rightleftharpoons 2 \mathrm{KI}+\mathrm{Cl}_{2}\) 

Read the passage given below and answer the following questions:
Nernst equation relates the reduction potential of an electrochemical reaction to the standard potential and activities of the chemical species undergoing oxidation and reduction. Let us consider the reaction, \(M_{(a q)}^{n+} \longrightarrow n M_{(s)}\) 
For this reaction, the electrode potential measured with respect to standard hydrogen electrode can be given as
\(E_{\left(M^{n+} / M\right)}=E_{\left(M^{n+} / M\right)}^{\circ}-\frac{R T}{n F} \ln \frac{[M]}{\left[M^{n+}\right]}\) 
In these questions ( i-iv), a statement of assertion followed by a statement of reason is given. Choose the correct answer out of the following choices.

(i) Assertion : For concentration cell, \(\begin{array}{c} \mathrm{Zn}_{(s)}\left|\mathrm{Zn}^{2+}{ }_{(a q)} \| \mathrm{Zn}^{2+}{ }_{(a q)}\right| \mathrm{Zn} \\ \mathrm{C}_{1} \quad \mathrm{C}_{2} \end{array}\) 
For spontaneous cell reaction,  C₁ < C₂.
Reason : For concentration cell \(E_{\text {cell }}=\frac{R T}{n F} \log \frac{C_{2}}{C_{1}}\) 
For spontaneous reaction, \(E_{\text {cell }}=+\mathrm{ve} \Rightarrow C_{2}>C_{1}\) 
(ii) Assertion : For the cell reaction, \(\mathrm{Zn}_{(s)}+\mathrm{Cu}_{(a q)}^{2+} \longrightarrow \mathrm{Zn}_{(a q)}^{2+}+\mathrm{Cu}_{(s)}\)  voltmeter gives zero reading at equilibrium.
Reason : At the equilibrium, there is no change in concentration of Cu²⁺ and Zn²⁺ ions.
(iii) Assertion : The Nernst equation gives the concentration dependence of emf of the cell.
Reason : In a cell, current flows from cathode to anode
(iv) Assertion : Increase in the concentration of copper half cell in a cell, increases the emf of the cell
Reason : \(E_{\text {cell }}=E_{\text {cell }}^{\circ}+\frac{0.059}{2} \log \frac{\left[\mathrm{Cu}^{2+}\right]}{\left[\mathrm{Zn}^{2+}\right]}\)

Read the passage given below and answer the following questions:
A reaction in which rate of reaction is independent of concentration of the reactants is called zero order reaction. Photochemical combination of hydrogen and chlorine to give hydrogen chloride is an example of zero order reaction. The rate constant of a zero order reaction is equal to the rate of reaction. The half life period of a zero order reaction is directly proportional to initial concentration of the reactant. For a zero order reaction, \(k=\frac{1}{t}\left\{[A]_{0}-[A]\right\}\) 
In these questions (i-iv), a statement of assertion followed by a statement of reason is given. Choose the correct answer out of the following choices.

(i) Assertion : For a zero order reaction, plot of rate vs concentration will be a straight line parallel to concentration axis.
Reason : For a zero order reaction, rate is independent of concentration.
(ii) Assertion : Photochemical combination of hydrogen and chlorine to give hydrogen chloride is an example of zero order reaction.
Reason : The rate of reaction depends on the concentration of hydrogen and independent of concentration of chlorine.
(iii) Assertion : If in a zero order reaction, the concentration of the reactant is doubled, the half-life period is also doubled.
Reason : For a zero order reaction, the rate of reaction is independent of initial concentration
(iv) Assertion : In a reaction A -7 products, the concentration of the reactant is reduced to zero after a finite time.
Reason : The order of reaction is zero.

Read the passage given below and answer the following questions :
Adsorption is a spontaneous process and involves unequal distribution of the molecules of the gaseous substance on the surface of solid or liquid. Adsorption is an exothermic process. The attractive forces between adsorbate and adsorbent are either van der Waals' forces or chemical bonds. Adsorption of gases on solids is generally controlled by the factors like temperature, pressure and nature of adsorbate and adsorbent.
The following questions are multiple choice questions.Choose the most appropriate answer:
(i) In physisorption process, the attractive forces between adsorbate and adsorbent are

(ii) Which of the following graph represents the variation of physical adsorption with temperature?

(iii) Which one of the following processes does not use adsorption?

(iv) Which of the following statements is true?

Read the passage given below and answer the following questions :
Noble gases are inert gases with general electronic configuration of ns²np⁶. These are mono atomic, colourless, odourless and tasteless gases. The first compound of noble gases was obtained by the reaction of Xe with PtF₆. A large number of compounds of Xe and fluorine have been prepared till now. The structure of these compounds can be explained on the basis of VSEPR theory as well as concept of hybridisation. The compounds of krypton are fewer. Only the difluoride of krypton (KrF₂) has been studied in detail. Compounds of radon have not isolated but only identified by radio tracer technique. However, no true compounds of helium, neon or argon are yet known.
The following questions are multiple choice questions. Choose the most appropriate answer:
(i) The formula of the compound when Xe and PtF₆ are mixed, is

(ii) Which of the following is not formed by Xe?

(iii) The number of lone pairs and bond pairs of electrons around Xe in XeOF₄ respectively are

(iv) Which of the following compounds has more than one lone pair of electrons around central atom?

Read the passage given below and answer the following questions:
Transition metal oxides are compounds formed by the reaction of metals with oxygen at high temperature. The highest oxidation number in the oxides coincides with the group number. In vanadium, there is a gradual change from the basic V₂O₃ to less basic V₂O₄ and to amphoteric V₂O_5・V₂O₄ dissolves in acids to give VO²⁺ salts. Transition metal oxides are commonly utilized for their catalytic activity and semiconductive properties. Transition metal oxides are also frequently used as pigments in paints and plastic. Most notably titatnium dioxide. One of the earliest application of transition metal oxides to chemical industry involved the use of vanadium oxide for catalytic oxidation of sulfur dioxide to sulphuric acid. Since then, many other applications have emerged, which include benzene oxidation to maleic anhydride on vandium oxides; cyclohexane oxidation to adipic acid on cobalt oxides. An important property of the catalyst material used in these processes is the ability of transition metals to change their oxidation state under a given chemical potential of reductants and oxidants.
The following questions are multiple choice questions. Choose the most appropriate answer:
(i) Which oxide of vanadium is most likely to be basic and ionic ?

(ii) Vanadyl ion is

(iii) The oxidation state of vanadium in V₂O₅ is

(iv) Identify the oxidising agent in the following reaction.

Read the passage given below and answer the following questions:
To explain bonding in coordination compounds various theories were proposed. One of the important theory was valence bond theory. According to that, the central metal ion in the complex makes available a number of empty orbitals for the formation ofcoordination bonds with suitable ligands. The appropriate atomic orbitals of the metal hybridise to give a set of equivalent orbitals of definite geometry. The d-orbitals involved in the hybridisation may be either inner d-orbitals i.e., (n - 1) d or outer d-orbitals i.e., nd. For example, CO³⁺ forms both inner orbital and outer orbital complexes, with ammonia it forms [Co(NH₃)₆]³⁺ and with fluorine it forms [CoF₆]^3- complex ion.
The following questions are multiple choice questions. Choose the most appropriate answer:
(i) Which of the following is not true for [CoF₆]^3- ?

Which of the following is true for  [Co(NH₃)₆]³⁺ ?

(iii) The paramagnetism of [CoF₆]^3- is due to

(iv) Which of the following is an inner orbital or low spin complex?

Read the passage given below and answer the following questions:
For understanding the structure and bonding in transition metal complexes, the magnetic properties are very helpful. Low spin complexes are generally diamagnetic because of pairing of electrons, whereas high spin complexes are usually paramagnetic because of presence of unpaired electrons. Larger the number of unpaired electrons, stronger will be the paramagnetism. However magnetic behaviour of a complex can be confirmed from magnetic moment measurement. Magnetic moment \(\mu=\sqrt{n(n+2)} \text { B.M. }\)where n = number of unpaired electrons. Greater the number of unpaired electrons, more will be the magnetic moment.
In these questions ( i-iv), a statement of assertion followed by a statement of reason is given. Choose the correct answer out of the following choices.
(a) Assertion and reason both are correct statements and reason is correct explanation for assertion.
(b) Assertion and reason both are correct statements but reason is not correct explanation for assertion.
(c) Assertion is correct statement but reason is wrong statement.
(d) Assertion is wrong statement but reason is correct statement.
(i) Assertion: Both [Cr(H₂O)₆]²⁺ and [FeH₂O)₆]²⁺ have same magnetic moment.
Reason: Number of unpaired electrons in Cr²⁺ and Fe²⁺ are same.
(ii) Assertion: [Fe(H₂O)₅NO]SO₄ is paramagnetic.
Reason: The Fe in [Fe(H₂O)₅NO]SO₄ has three unpaired electrons.
(iii) Assertion: [Co(en)₃]³⁺ is paramagnetic. 
Reason: It is an inner orbital complex.
(iv) Assertion: [Ni(CN)₄]^2- is diamagnetic complex.
Reason: It involves dsl hybridisation and there is no unpaired electron.

Read the passage given below and answer the following questions:
When haloalkanes with \(\beta\)-hydrogen atom are boiled with alcoholic solution of KOH, they undergo elimination of hydrogen halide resulting in the formation of alkenes. These reactions are called \(\beta\)-elimination reactions or dehydrohalogenation reactions. These reactions follow Saytzeff's rule. Substitution and elimination reactions often compete with each other. Mostly bases behave as nucleophiles and therefore can engage in substitution or elimination reactions depending upon the alkyl halide and the reaction conditions.
The following questions are multiple choice questions. Choose the most appropriate answer:
(i) Among the following the most reactive towards alcoholic KOH is

(ii) The general reaction, \(R-X \stackrel{\text { aq. } \mathrm{OH}^{-}}{\longrightarrow} R \mathrm{OH}+X^{-}\) is expected to follow decreasing order of reactivity as in (t- Bu = tertiary Butyl group)

(iii) Reaction of t-butyl bromide with sodium methoxide produces

(iv) In the elimination reactions, the reactivity of alkyl halides follows the sequence

Read the passage given below and answer the following questions:
When a chemical reaction involves bond cleavage or bond formation at an asymmetric carbon atom, three different products may be formed. For example, during the substitution of a group X by Y in the following reaction, the three possible products may be shown below:

(i) If B is the only product, the process is called retention of configuration because B has the same configuration as the starting reactant (A).
(ii) If C is the only product, the process is called inversion of configuration because C has the configuration opposite to the starting reactant (A).
(iii) If an equimolar mixture of B and C (i.e., a 50 : 50 mixture) is formed, then the process is called racemisation and the product is optically inactive because one isomer will rotate the light in the direction opposite to another.
In these questions ( i-iv), a statement of assertion followed by a statement of reason is given. Choose the correct answer out of the following choices.
(a) Assertion and reason both are correct statements and reason is correct explanation for assertion.
(b) Assertion and reason both are correctstatements but reason is not correct explanation for assertion.
(c) Assertion is correct statement but reason is wrong statement.
(d) Assertion is wrong statement but reason is correct statement.
(i) Assertion: A reaction is said to be stereospecific if a particular stereoisomer of the reactant produces a specific stereoisomer of the product.
Reason: Bromination of cis-2-butene gives meso-2, 3-dibromobutane which is stereospecific
(ii) Assertion: Addition of Br₂ to cis-but-2-ene is stereoselective.
Reason: S_N2 reactions are stereospecific as well as stereoselective.
(iii) Assertion: Optically active 2-iodobutane on treatment with NaI in acetone undergoes recemization.
Reason: Repeated Walden inversions on the reactant and its product eventually gives a racemic mixture.
(iv) Assertion: S_N2 reaction of an optically active alkyl halide with an aqueous solution of KOH always gives an alcohol with opposite sign of rotation.
Reason: S_N2 reactions always proceed with inversion of configuration.

Read the passage given below and answer the following questions:
A compound (X) containing C, Hand O is unreactive towards sodium. It also does not react with Schiff's reagent. On refluxing with an excess ofhydroiodic acid, (X) yields only one organic product (Y). On hydrolysis, (Y) yields a new compound (Z) which can be converted into (Y) by reaction with red phosphorus and iodine. The compound (Z) on oxidation with potassium permanganate gives a carboxylic acid. The equivalent weight of this acid is 60.
The following questions are multiple choice questions. Choose the most appropriate answer:
(i) The compound (X) is an

(ii) The IUPAC name of the acid formed is

(iii) Compound (Y) is

(iv) Compound (X) on treatment with excess of Cl₂ in presence of light gives

Read the passage given below and answer the following questions:
Lucas test is a test to differentiate between primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols. This test consists of treating an alcohol with Lucas reagent, and turbidity, due to the formation of insoluble alkyl chloride, is observed. Lucas test is based on the difference in reacting of three classes of alcohols with hydrogen chloride via S_N1 reaction. The different reactivity reflects the differing ease of formation of the corresponding carbocations.
In these questions (i-iv), a statement of assertion followed by a statement of reason is given. Choose the correct answer out of the following choices.
(a) Assertion and reason both are correct statements and reason is correct explanation for assertion.
(b) Assertion and reason both are correct statements but reason is not correct explanation for assertion.
(c) Assertion is correct statement but reason is wrong statement.
(d) Assertion is wrong statement but reason is correct statement.
(i) Assertion: Equimolar mixture of conc. HCI and anhydrous ZnCl₂ is called Lucas' reagent.
Reason : Lucas' reagent can be used to distinguish between methanol and ethanol.
(ii) Assertion: 2-Methyl-2-butanol gives no turbidity with Lucas' reagent at room temperature.
Reason: It is a 3° alcohol
(iii) Assertion: Amongst the compounds, H₂C =CHCH₂OH (I), C₆H₅OH (II), CH₃CH₂CH₂OH (III) and (CH₃)₃COH (IV), only (IV) reacts with Lucas' reagent at room temperature.
Reason : Tertiary alcohol gives turbidity immediately with Lucas' reagent.
(iv) Assertion: Lucas test can be used to distinguish between 1-propanol and 2-propanol.
Reason : Lucas test is based upon the difference in reactivity of primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols with conc. HCI and anhyd. ZnCI₂.

Read the passage given below and answer the following questions :
Carboxylic acids dissociate in water to give carboxylate ion and hydronium ion.
RCOOH + H₂O \(\longrightarrow\) RCOO^- + H3O⁺
The acidity of carboxyl group is due to the presence of positive charge on oxygen which liberates proton. The carboxylate ion formed is resonance stabilised.

Carboxylic acids are stronger acids than phenols. Electron withdrawing groups (EWG) increase the acidity of carboxylic acids by stabilising the conjugate base through delocalisation of negative charge by inductive and/ or resonance effects. Electron donating group (EDG) decrease the acidity by destabilising the conjugate base.
The following questions are multiple choice questions. Choose the most appropriate answer :
(i) Which of the following reactions is showing the acidic property of carboxylic acid?

(ii) Which one of the following is the correct order of acidic strength?

(iii) Which of the following acids has the smallest dissociation constant?

(iv) The correct order of acidity for the following compounds is