The two gametangia come in contact and fuse to form a zygote in which event? Give two examples.

List the types of lichens.

What is the body organisation in members of kingdom-Animalia?

Name the infection agent that causes potato spindle tuber.

In which kingdom of five kingdom classification, nuclear membrane is not present?

What are the most common habitats of fungi?

How does a nucleoid differ from a nucleus?

Suppose you accidentally find an old preserved permanent slide without a label. In your effort to identify it, you place the slide under microscope and observe the following features
(i)  Unicellular
(ii)  Well-defined nucleus
(iii) Biflagellate, one flagellum lying longitudinally and other transversely.
What would you identify it as? Can you name the kingdom it belongs to?

At a stage of their cycle, Ascomycetes fungi produce the fruiting bodies like apothecium, perithecium and cleistothecium. How are these three types of fruiting bodies different from each other?

The two kingdom classification system placed bacteria, algae, blue-green algae, fungi, mosses, ferns, gymnosperm, and angiosperms, together under one single kingdom-Plantae. According to you, what could have been the basis of such classification?

Describe briefly the four major groups of Protozoa.

(i) Why does the interior of bacterial cell appear simple and granular?
(ii) Which components make cell envelope of bacterial cell?
(iii) What gives gummy or sticky trait to bacterial cells and if it is not essential for survival, what are its functions?

In which organisms heterocyst is present? Mention two features of heterocysts. Which features make it suitable for nitrogen-fixation?